Inheritance and allelic relationships of fertility restoration genes for seven new sources of male-sterile cytoplasm in sunflower

The inheritance of fertility restoration of six mitomycin C and streptomycin‐induced cytoplasmic male‐sterile (cms) mutants and one cms line derived from Native American cultivar PI 432513 in sunflower was evaluated. These seven new cms sources were also compared with the commercially used cms PET1 (Helianthus petiolaris Nutt.) cytoplasm, using USDA inbred lines with restoration genes (Rf₁) specific for cms PET1 and new restoration lines identified for cms PI 432513. Restoration genes for cms PI 432513 were found in ‘Armavir’, VNIIMK, P21 and male‐fertile (MF) plants of PI 432513. F₂ and F₃ segregation ratios of crosses between cms PI 432513 and these restoration sources indicated a single dominant gene controlled fertility restoration. Progenies of cms PI 432513 testcrossed with F₁’s of half‐diallel crosses among the respective four homozygous restoration lines and RHA 274 suggested that the restoration genes of RHA 274, VNIIMK, P21 and PI 432513 were at the same locus. Restoration genes from VNIIMK, P21 and PI 432513 satisfactorily restored pollen stainability in the heterozygous condition. A very weak expression of the Rf gene in ‘Armavir’ was observed in the heterozygous condition. Fertility restoration capability of these genes for the six mutant cms HA 89 and cms HA 89 (in PET1 cytoplasm) was observed. The mutant cms HA 89 lines were also restored completely by RHA 266, RHA 274, RHA 280 and RHA 296, and F₂’s segregation ratios indicated single dominant gene control, implying a common cytoplasmic male sterility in all lines. F₁’s of half‐diallel crosses among RHA 266, RHA 273, RHA 274, RHA 280 and RHA 296 were testcrossed onto the cms lines, and their all MF progenies among lines, except RHA 280, confirmed that fertility restoration was controlled by a single Rf₁ gene locus. The restoration gene in confection line RHA 280, namely Rf₃, was at a different locus than Rf₁ and was equally capable of restoring all the cms lines. Cms HA 89 mutants and cms PI 432513 are in H. annuus cytoplasm, and are agronomically equal in hybrid performance to the cms PET1 used in commercial sunflower hybrids. These new cms lines will provide immediate alternative cms sources for reducing the genetic vulnerability resulting from the exclusive use of the single cms source PET1 in sunflower hybrid production.     

露天矿过断层开采方式及生产能力接续分析

在露天开采过程中遇到断层时,由于煤层突然错位,造成剥采比剧变,工程接续困难。因此,过断层期间剥采比合理控制和矿山工程平稳过渡接续是露天开采的技术难题之一。笔者通过建立剥采比与断层落差、产状及煤层厚度数学模型,研究不同煤柱留设宽度对边坡稳定的影响;分析了矿山工程发展速度与同时采煤台阶数的关系,计算确定了过断层期间确保矿山工程平稳过渡接续的动态降深速度和生产能力接续方式。结合胜利东二号露天矿过F61断层进行实例研究。结果表明：过断层开采方式和生产能力接续方法可有效均衡生产剥采比,保证产量稳定,提高矿山经济效益。     

Inheritance of male fertility restoration of the cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile line NJCMS1A of soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.]

At present, no report on inheritance of male fertility restoration has been released, yet more than 10 cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile soybean lines as well as their maintainers and restorers have been developed. Based on our previous work, 25 restorers for the male-sterile line NJCMS1A were identified and the inheritance of male fertility restoration for these restorers was studied. The results showed that F₁s between NJCMS1A and its restorers were completely male-fertile. The numbers of fertile and sterile plants in the F₂ population of Cross I (NJCMS1A × N23601) and Cross II (NJCMS1A × N23683) corresponded to a segregation ratio of 15:1, and the numbers of non-segregation lines, 3:1 segregation lines and 15:1 segregation lines in F_2:3 of the same two crosses fitted a 7:4:4 genotypic segregation ratio. The testcross BC₁F₁s between the F₁s of the above two crosses and NJCMS1A, NJCMS1B showed a 3:1 segregation ratio. Accordingly, it was inferred that two pairs of duplicate dominant genes controlled the male fertility restoration of NJCMS1A in both crosses. Meanwhile, F₂ of other 23 crosses between NJCMS1A and its 23 restorers showed a fertility segregation ratio of 3:1 or 15:1. The F₁s of the five testcrosses between NJCMS1A and the F₁s of five crosses selected from the above 23 crosses showed that fertility segregation was 3:1 in BC₁F₁s between NJCMS1A and F₁s of the crosses of which fertility segregation fitted 15:1 in F₂ population, while fertility segregation in BC₁F₁s was 1:1 for those fertility segregation fitted 3:1 in F₂ population. Allelism tests showed that restore genes of all restorers in the experiment were allelic to two pairs of dominant genes. All results showed that some restorers bore one pair of dominant restore gene and the others bore two pairs of duplicate dominant gene. The mechanism of F₁ male sterility of the cross N8855 × N2899 was discussed.     

中国科学家阐明Boro II型水稻细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的分子机理

自从20世纪70年代中国成功实现杂交水稻三系配套以来,不少学者致力于水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复的机理研究。近年来,国内外科学家已定位和克隆了控制细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复的基因。2006年华南农业大学刘耀光研究组在《ThePlantCell》上发表论文揭示:BoroII型水稻细胞质雄性不育由线粒体编码的细胞毒素肽引起,两个含PPR蛋白基因中的任何一个均可破坏或降解细胞毒素肽使植株育性恢复,从而在分子水平解释了BoroII型水稻细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复性的机理。这是中国科学家对植物细胞质雄性不育及育性恢复研究的最新贡献。     

渝西地区火烧迹地不同植被恢复方式下的物种多样性动态

以“空间序列”代替“时间序列”的方法对渝西地区不同恢复方式下不同年龄的火烧迹地进行了调查研究,结果表明：火烧迹地的植被均匀度、丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数等随恢复年限的变化曲线在人工恢复和自然恢复两种情况下有很大差异.实验中看不出两种恢复方式的不同是否能决定群落最终的物种多样性水平,但是不同的恢复方式可以加快或减缓物种多样性恢复的过程.实验还表明：在人工恢复的35年以内,多样性的恢复是一个“S”形变动的过程.人工恢复可以缩短灌木丛阶段的年限,加快乔木层的建成,同时促使该类型林区更长时间的停留在针叶林阶段,推迟该林区向顶级群落的演替进程;在自然恢复的40年以内,多样性的恢复是一个逐渐上升的过程,在最初的8年以内,其多样性不如人工恢复,但在恢复40年左右的时候,其多样性却可以达到一个比人工恢复高很多的水平.     

Seeding Causes Long-Term Increases in Grass Forage Production in Invaded Rangelands

Seeding is sometimes used in attempts to increase grass forage production in invaded rangelands, but insufficient long-term data prevent determining if seeded grasses are likely to become and remain productive enough to justify this expensive practice. We quantified long-term seeding outcomes in a widespread Rocky Mountain foothill habitat invaded by leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) and several exotic grasses. Fourteen yr after seeding, the most productive grass (bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Á. Löve]) produced 900 (100, 12 000) kg ha⁻¹ [mean (95% CI)], which was about 70% of total plant community biomass. This result was not greatly altered by grazing according to an unreplicated, grazed experiment adjacent to our replicated ungrazed experiment. Regardless of treatment, E. esula gradually became less productive and seeded and unseeded plots produced similar E. esula biomass 14 yr after seeding. P. spicata reduced exotic grasses about 85%. Our results resemble those of another foothills study of another invasive forb (Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. micranthos [Gugler] Hayek) and a Great Plains study of E. esula, so foothills seeding outcomes seem somewhat insensitive to invader composition, and seeding can increase forage across much of E. esula’s range. While there is always some risk seeded grasses will fail to establish, our study combined with past studies identifies invaded habitats where seeded grasses have a good possibility of forming persistent, productive stands.     

额济纳绿洲生态环境综合整治对策

本文从造成额济纳绿洲生态环境危机的现状入手，分析了其原因，探讨了额济纳绿洲水资源缺乏、土地荒漠化、草场退化等生态问题的现状，从西部开发的历史机遇、水资源保护与合理利用、畜牧业建设、植被保护4个方面提出了绿洲生态环境综合整治的对策。     

煤矸石废弃地景观恢复研究

景观生态学把“斑块-廊道-基质”作为分析任何一种景观的模式。这种模式也对矸石废弃地景观恢复起着重要的作用。文章以兖州市兖州矿业集团矸石废弃地为例,对已改造的矸石山进行分析,从景观生态学角度为后续该地区景观恢复的改进提出初步方案,旨在从另外一个角度——使用“斑块-廊道-基质”为框架指导矸石废弃地景观改造,从而为其他地区的废弃地景观恢复与改造提供一定的参考。     

华东某铀矿区土壤中重金属镉含量特征及污染评价

[目的]对华东某铀矿区土壤中重金属元素Cd含量进行评价研究。[方法]采用单因子污染指数法,对铀矿区土壤重金属镉污染程度进行评价。[结果]所采样品Cd含量范围为0.05~1.81 mg/kg,采矿区与尾矿坝区所采土壤样品污染程度较高;正在开采矿区位置上游土壤中Cd含量高于下游,采矿区沿运输路线所采样品含量偏高。单因子污染指数评价结果表明,整个采样区各区域土壤均受到重金属Cd不同程度的污染,对照区单因子污染指数评价结果最小。[结论]所采样品均受到不同程度的镉污染。各区域受污染程度大小依次为采矿区整个矿区尾矿坝含矿未采区对照区。     

内蒙古中东部高速公路路堑阳坡植被恢复效果研究

针对路堑阳坡立地条件差,植被恢复困难的问题,以内蒙古中东部地区高速公路为例,研究了路堑阳坡的生态恢复效果和群落演替规律。研究表明:1在内蒙古干旱半干旱条件下,阳坡与自然环境的生态条件更加接近,乡土植物在坡面群落建植初期更容易侵入;2在群落演替过程中,阳坡物种数目和生活型构成比例逐渐与天然群落接近,体现出了人工群落向自然群落过渡的趋势;3对研究区而言,生态恢复物种应以豆科和禾本科草本植物为主,少量搭配灌木,不建议使用乔木;4沙打旺、紫花苜蓿、老芒麦、白草、白花草木樨5种草本植物更适应于阳坡生长,而赖草则更适应于阴坡生长。