稻壳粉一次性筷子制备的试验研究

以稻壳粉为基材,以羧甲基纤维素钠和黄原胶为黏合剂、色拉油为脱模剂,利用正交试验找出最佳比例的配方。结果表明,最佳比例的配方为稻壳粉154.7 g,羧甲基纤维素钠7.65 g,黄原胶7.65 g,检测证明一次性可降解的稻壳粉筷子综合性能良好。     

Fertility restoration of new CMS sources in sunflower (Helianthus annum L.)

The development of commercial sunflower hybrids based on new CMS sources is of special interest for reducing the potential risk of vulnerability to pathogens and for increasing genetic diversity. From 263 test crosses involving nine new CMS sources, i.e. ANL1, ANL2, MAX1, PEF1, PET2, ANN1, ANN2, ANNS and ANN4, five lines were selected as potential restorers for PEF1, PET2 and ANN4. In test crosses between all nine CMS sources and these five restorer lines evaluated in 2 years, seven fully restored hybrids could be identified. These hybrids, based on ANL1, ANL2, MAX1, PEF1, PET2, and ANN4, showed good agronomic performance for plant height, days to flowering, maturity and oil content. Segregation analyses of the F2 populations indicate that a single dominant restorer gene was sufficient to restore pollen production of hybrids based on ANL2, PEF1 and PET2. For restoration of ANN4, two dominant complementary genes are required. In restoration of fertility in the crosses of ANL1 and MAX1 investigated, two dominant genes are involved each of which on its own allows the production of fertile plants.     

Heterosis and Genetic Variances and their Implications for Breeding Improved Varieties of Spring Beans (Vicia faba L.)*

Handcrosses were made in a factorial manner with 24 Vicia faba inbred lines m three sets, each between four male and four female parents. The resulting 48 hybrids, their parental inbreds and three commercial varieties were grown in performance trials during the years 1985—87 with three replications at one location. Yield and yield components were recorded on single plant basis. The average superiority of the hybrids above the control varieties was 26 % in plant yield. The best crosses outyielded the controls by more than 50 %. However, a few inbred lines also reached, the yield level of the controls. The average heterosis was significant for all characters except for maturity date. In plant yield the average heterosis was 75%, ranging between 34% and 148% in the various cross combinations. The highest average heterosis of 110 % was observed in yield at the lateral stems. In all characters the best inbreds were superior to the lower hybrids and in some characters even equal to the average of the hybrids. A strong positive relationship was found for all characters between hybrid performance and mid-parent value and between the per se performance of the inbreds and their general combining ability. Genotypic differences between the hybrids as well as between the inbreds were highly significant. Most of the variability between the hybrids in all characters were attributed to general combining, ability with only little evidence for specific combining ability. In the discussion the results are evaluated according to the choice of the breeding category of the partial allogamous faba bean species.     

基于虚拟仪器技术的风机性能自动测试系统

针对我国风机性能检测多以手工为主，存在试验手段落后，劳动量大和测试结果不准确等缺点，采用先进的虚拟仪器技术，将传感器技术、计算机技术和测试技术结合起来，建立了基于虚拟仪器技术的风机性能自动测试系统，实现了试验数据的自动采集、风机转速的自动调节、风机运行工况的自动控制、试验数据的正确处理及性能曲线的自动绘制。整个系统具有界面友好、操作方便、功能齐全等优点。试验结果表明本系统增加了试验过程的稳定性，避免了人为的读数误差、计算误差以及相关数据不能同时记录所引起的试验结果偏差，提高了测试精度和试验效率。可广泛应用于科研院所和风机生产厂家，具有较高的推广应用价值。     

采用PLS-DA分析毛火方式对工夫红茶品质的影响

为探究不同毛火方式对工夫红茶品质的影响,明确新型电磁内热式滚筒-热风耦合干燥设备的毛火效果,该研究以一芽一二叶初展嫩度的"福鼎大白"品种为原料进行工夫红茶加工,设定电磁滚筒-热风耦合(Rotary pot-Hot air coupling First-Drying with electromagnetic heat,RHFD)、链板热风(Chain plate Hot air First-Drying,CHFD)、箱式热风(Box Hot air First-Drying,BHFD)、滚筒式滚炒(Rotary pot First-Drying,RFD)等4种毛火方式,比较所制茶样的茶多酚、儿茶素、茶色素、可溶性糖、咖啡碱、氨基酸等29个非挥发性指标,114个气相色谱-质谱技术(GasChromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)检测的挥发性香气指标,10个外形和汤色色泽客观评价指标,同时进行了毛火方式的热效率、生产效率、生产成本等性能指标的分析比较,通过偏最小二乘判别统计(PartialLeastSquaresDiscriminationAnalysis,PLS-DA)分析毛火方式对优质工夫红茶品质的影响,并获得标志性差异化合物。结果表明:电磁内热式滚筒-热风耦合毛火处理下茶多酚和儿茶素总量显著最低(P<0.05),简单儿茶素含量较高,茶红素和可溶性糖含量、茶黄素综合指标TDE和茶色素综合指标10TFRB最高(P<0.05),毛火方式对茶黄素总量影响不显著(P>0.05);挥发性化合物总量以RHFD方式最高,RFD方式次之,CHFD方式最低;RHFD毛火方式芳香类、萜烯类等化合物含量最高。电磁内热式滚筒-热风耦合毛火升温快、温度分布均匀且稳定性好,热效率和生产效率高(分别为50.0%、220 kg/h),生产成本较低(仅0.32元/kg),预热时间仅14min;所制红茶在汤色透亮度、香气甜久度、滋味甜醇度等方面均得到提升,感官总分最高(P<0.05),达88.1。PLS-DA分析从挥发性和非挥发性角度均可将工夫红茶4种毛火方式显著区分,并分别获得了43种和18种差异化合物,结合差异性分析获得标志性差异化合物,2,4,6-三(1,1-二甲基乙基)-4-甲基环己-2,5-二烯-1-酮、香叶醇、3-辛酮、水杨酸甲酯、茶黄素、茶褐素、可溶性糖、表儿茶素等,可作为区分工夫红茶毛火方式,以及定向加工甜香、甜醇、高亮等优质工夫红茶的指标物质。该研究为红茶加工基础和品质提升提供技术参考和理论指导。     

秸秆覆盖畦田灌溉水流特性及灌水质量分析

在陕西杨凌张家岗村覆盖玉米秸秆的冬小麦地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌溉均匀度影响的田间试验,并SRFR406软件对秸秆覆盖畦灌的水流推进进行了数学模拟.结果表明,给出的地面灌溉模型及软件可较好的模拟秸秆覆盖畦田水流运动.畦田规格与技术要素的选择对灌水效率及灌水均匀度均有影响.在覆盖秸秆畦田以畦长小于50 m,畦宽2～3 m,单宽流量以6～8 L/(m·s),坡度以3‰～5‰为宜.为提高秸秆覆盖灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡.     

沙地刚性轮构型仿生设计及牵引性能数值分析

为了提高车轮牵引性能,改善车辆在松散沙土介质环境的通过能力,该文以善于沙地奔跑的鸵鸟足部关键部位—足趾甲为仿生原型,通过仿生优化轮刺结构,设计出具有高牵引性能的仿生轮刺式沙地刚性轮,并以一种模拟月壤作为试验松散沙土介质材料,采用离散元软件PFC2D?的内置语言FISH和相关命令,建立了适用于非规则结构刚性轮的轮壤相互作用动态模拟系统,并获得试验验证。通过仿生轮刺式刚性轮与模拟月壤相互作用离散元模拟,并与矩形轮刺式刚性轮模拟结果对照,从轮下模拟月壤颗粒细观运动、接触力场、速度场以及车轮挂钩牵引力角度,验证了仿生轮刺式刚性轮具有优越的牵引性能,在车轮滑转率50%的稳定运行状态下,仿生轮刺式刚性轮的牵引性能可提高5.2%左右。该研究为提高刚性轮在松散沙土介质环境中的牵引性能提供了全新设计和研究手段。     

基于制度分析的跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效优化研究

[目的]从制度是博弈的规则角度分析影响跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效的症结,旨在为提高流域水环境质量提供规则建议。[方法]通过对《环境保护法》、《水法》、《水污染防治法》相关法律条款和水资源管理体制进行分析,以及对中国水环境质量状况进行调查。[结果]条块分割,多头管理,缺乏协调机制的流域管理体制及制度安排已难以适应污水排放量急剧增长和解决日渐频繁的跨区域性流域水污染事件的需要,而环境法制执行力的缺失进一步使嵌入经济和政治双重竞争博弈的地方政府容易采取保护污染企业和转嫁污染等恶性竞争手段,使流域陷入公地悲剧的非理性均衡。[结论]提高跨行政区流域水污染治理绩效需要进一步完善博弈规则设计,提高制度执行力以承诺行动的方式提高中央政策的可信性和有效性,建立"河长制",创新流域产权及完善异地开发补偿制度。     

基于燃烧室外预热的柴油发动机性能分析

能源匮乏和环境污染已成为当今世界各国所面临的两大难题,柴油机凭借高热效率和高可靠性得到越来越广泛的应用。利用自制的电控恒温燃油预热装置,对柴油发动机进行燃油室外预热,分别进行柴油机的负荷特性实验、速度特性实验和排气烟度实验。实验结果表明,能够改善柴油机工作性能的最佳预热温度范围为60—90℃。