Teat characteristics in relation to animal temperament during milking in buffaloes,and comparison of buffalo and cow teat morphology

This study aimed to examine the teat characteristics in relation to the animal temperament during milking in the Anatolian buffaloes using ultrasonographic, histomorphological and immunohistochemical methods. The teat canal length (TCL), teat wall thickness (TWT), teat cisternal diameter (TCD), teat diameter (TD), teat length (TL), and teat circumference (TC) values in docile (n = 5) and nervous (n = 7) buffaloes were measured at the 0th, 3rd and 6th minute of stimulation. In additional experiments, comparative histomorphology and immunohistochemical examinations of buffalo (n = 7) and cow teats (n = 8) were performed. It was determined that post-stimulation mean TCL values were significantly higher in nervous buffaloes than those of teats in docile buffaloes (p < .05). A significant positive correlation between TCD and TD, TL and TC in both docile and nervous buffaloes was noted (p < .05). Unlike nervous buffaloes where only 3/14 teat canals were open by 3rd minute of milking stimulation, almost all (9/10) teat canals were observed opened in docile buffaloes. There were fewer muscle but more collagen bundles in buffalo teats compared with cow teats. It seems that temperament of animal during milking effects the milking efficiency, and in nervous buffaloes, probably the stimulation alone may not be sufficient for opening of the teat canal and hence achieve complete milking.     

挤奶机真空度对牛奶体细胞数和牛乳头末端壁厚的影响

为了研究挤奶机系统真空度不同时的挤奶效果,解决目前挤奶机使用中系统真空度缺乏科学设定依据的问题,该文以12头高产泌乳牛(单产(7.4±0.4)t)为试验对象,以体细胞数(somatic cell count,SCC)、乳头末端壁厚变化率以及挤奶量等作为挤奶效果评价指标参数,在系统真空度分别为44、46以及48 kPa时,研究了系统真空度对泌乳牛挤奶过程不同阶段的内套真空度和挤奶杯口真空度的影响,量化了系统真空度对挤奶效果评价指标的影响程度。研究表明,当系统真空度从44 kPa增加至48kPa时,挤奶量、挤奶时间以及平均奶流量均无显著差异,但体细胞数的对数(P0.05)和乳头末端壁厚变化率(P0.05)均显著增加。研究认为试验挤奶机用44 kPa的系统真空度比用46或48 kPa时的效果更好。该文为中国挤奶机使用中系统真空度的优化设置提供技术支持。     

山羊机械挤奶技术

山羊养殖业正随着人们对营养丰富的山羊奶制品的需求而快速发展。山羊机械挤奶技术将得以广泛应用。本文从山羊泌乳的生理特点出发,阐述了山羊机械挤奶系统、机械挤奶的工作原理和工作过程、山羊挤奶机的主要参数、以及山羊机械挤奶的技术要求。     

德系西门塔尔杂交母牛头胎泌乳性能测定报告

[目的]为了掌握德系西门塔牛导入张掖牛的产奶情况。[方法]采用级进杂交模式,开展选种选配和群体选育,通过对西弗F1头胎产奶母牛产奶量的测定。通过试验,[结果]表明,西门塔尔杂交牛305d产奶量比对照组提高了600kg以上。[结论]引进德系西门塔尔开展杂交改良达到提高了我市西杂牛泌乳性能的目标,适合在我市引进开展杂交改良,提高母牛的产乳性。     

北京市奶牛养殖结构及粪污处理现状分析

随着奶牛养殖业规模化的发展,奶牛养殖场粪污的减量化和无害化处理以及资源化利用越来越引起人们的关注。通过对北京市奶牛养殖场进行调查研究,针对养殖污染物处理不当存在的环境问题,相关畜禽养殖环境标准规范的应用现状及环境控制技术需求,提出了合理化意见。     

我国挤奶设备的应用现状与发展分析

近年来,我国奶业的快速发展促进了挤奶设备行业的兴起。概述我国挤奶设备应用现状,指出我国挤奶设备在发展中存在的主要问题,并参照国外挤奶设备发展情况,分析我国挤奶设备未来的发展趋势,为奶业生产机械化提供参考。     

不同品种母猪泌乳性能及仔猪对母乳、饲料利用率的研究

在相近的饲养管理条件下,比较研究了二花脸猪、上海白猪和大白猪经产母猪的泌乳性能,其结果表明,3个品种猪的平均放乳间隔时间、每次放乳持续时间和日泌乳量均有显著差异。母猪泌乳日龄与每天放乳次数具有函数方程y=a-bt关系。3个品种哺乳仔猪平均日增重分别为214.50、238.72和297.50g,每增重1kg消耗消化能分别为7928、8369和8100kcal,品种间均有显著差异。二花脸猪哺乳仔猪对母乳和饲料的利用率均高于另2个猪种。     

Relationship between milk production and plasma concentrations of oxidative stress markers during hot season in primiparous cows

Oxidative stress markers, ascorbic acid, and sulfhydryl (SH) residue concentration in primiparous cows' plasma and their relationship to milking performance during hot seasons were investigated. The rectal temperature of cows correlated negatively with SH residue (r = −0.38, n  = 38, P  < 0.05) and ascorbic acid (r = −0.34, P  < 0.05) concentrations in the cows' plasma. The group with a higher concentration of ascorbic acid over the mean value produced significantly more milk ( P  < 0.05) than did the group with a lower ascorbic acid concentration. Although the cows' milk production showed a positive correlation with ascorbic acid concentration in plasma (r = 0.47, P  < 0.05), the relation of SH residue concentration to milk yield was not constant. The plasma SH residue concentration during the hot season correlated positively with milk protein % (r = 0.38, P  < 0.05), lactose % (r = 0.35, P  < 0.05), and solid-non-fat (SNF) % (r = 0.47, P  < 0.05), respectively, but not with fat %. On the other hand, ascorbic acid concentration in plasma showed negative correlations with milk fat % (r = −0.34, P  < 0.05) and protein % (r = −0.49, P  < 0.05), but correlated positively with lactose % (r = 0.52, P  < 0.05). The produced amount (g/day) of milk protein (r = 0.42, P  < 0.05), lactose (r = 0.61, P  < 0.05), and SNF (r = 0.56, P  < 0.05) showed positive correlations with ascorbic acid concentration in plasma.     

利用异附加系创建小麦新品系的主要性状特点研究

以小偃麦二体异附加纱和普通小麦为材料,利用生物技术与常规育种相结合的方法,选育出９２０６３３,９３２８４７和９３２８６４ ３个小麦新品系,对其进行田间试验和人研究。结果表明,３个品系细胞学特征稳定,蛋白质含量分别为１６．２％,１８．３２％,２０．０２％。３个品系对条锈和白粉病高抗,对叶锈病中抗;９２０６３３品系的库容量、最大灌浆速度比对照品种鲁麦１４大,而灌浆时间、籽粒缩减率较对照小。     

Effect of citrus pulp silage feeding on concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma and milk of dairy cows

Citrus pulp is known to contain a functional molecule of beta‐cryptoxanthin which is one of the carotenoids showing anti‐oxidative capacity. Influences of citrus pulp silage feeding to dairy cows on beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration in plasma, other blood properties and milking performances were investigated. Four Holstein cows were fed total mixed ration (TMR) containing citrus pulp silage 20% dry matter (DM) for 2 weeks with free access to the TMR. Dry mater intake, milk production and milk components 2 weeks later were not altered compared with those of the control group without citrus pulp silage. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase and gamma‐glutamyltranspeptidase in plasma were not affected by feeding of citrus pulp silage. Concentrations of protein, albumin, sulfhydryl residue, ascorbic acid, thio‐barbituric acid reactive substance and urea nitrogen in plasma were also not altered by citrus pulp silage feeding. Concentration of beta‐cryptoxanthin in plasma was increased approximately 20‐fold compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Content of beta‐cryptxanthin in pooled milk fat fraction was also increased approximately three times compared with that of the control group. Feeding of TMR containing citrus pulp silage 15% DM for 30 days to eight dairy cows also increased plasma beta‐cryptoxanthin concentration 30‐fold compared with that before feeding.