中国荷斯坦牛SCD1基因多态性与泌乳性状的关联分析

本研究旨在探索中国荷斯坦牛SCD1基因多态性与产奶性状的相关性.以上海某奶牛场610头中国荷斯坦牛为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP法对SCD1基因A293V位点遗传多态性进行分析,利用一般线性模型分析SCD1基因A293V位点突变对测定日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、305天校正产奶量、乳脂量、乳蛋白量及体细胞评分7个泌乳性状的影响.共检测到AA、AV和VV 3种基因型,频率分别为0.634、0.323和0.043,等位基因A和V的频率分别为0.796和0.204.该位点突变对乳脂率、乳蛋白率的影响达到显著水平(P＜0.05),对测定日产奶量、305天校正产奶量、305天乳蛋白量和305天乳脂量以及体细胞评分影响不显著(P＞0.05).多重比较表明,VV基因型个体的乳蛋白率、乳脂率极显著高于AA、AV型个体(P＜0.01).SCD1基因A293V位点突变对中国荷斯坦牛泌乳性状的遗传效应有一定程度的影响,但影响机理需要进一步的研究.     

奶牛TMR饲料的研究进展

介绍了全混合日粮的概念,指出了使用全混合日粮的必要性;并对全混合日粮在奶牛生产中的应用进行了论述,提出全混合日粮是奶牛集约化养殖的必然趋势。     

叶酸补饲对隐性乳房炎奶牛免疫力及产奶性状相关基因表达的影响

旨在探究叶酸补饲对隐性乳房炎奶牛免疫及产奶相关性状的影响和相关分子机制，为隐性乳房炎奶牛补充叶酸奠定理论依据和实践基础。本试验基于北京郊区某牧场的中国荷斯坦奶牛群体，根据胎次、体重以及体细胞数（连续2个月SCC>500×10³个·mL^-1）选择29头泌乳牛作为研究对象，分为补饲组（n=18）和对照组（n=11）。连续14 d对补饲组进行包被叶酸（每天120 mg/500 kg）饲喂，对照组不做任何处理。对收集到的DHI数据（包括体细胞数、日产奶量等）进行分析。随后，每组随机挑选4个个体，采集分离血液白细胞提取RNA并进行转录组测序，通过DESeq2进行基因差异表达分析。运用KOBAS3.0-KEGG通路数据库对鉴别出的差异表达基因进行功能富集分析。结果发现，补饲包被叶酸后，奶牛的体细胞数显著降低（P<0.05），对产奶相关性状没有显著影响。转录组数据的分析结果揭示，补饲组与对照组有277个差异表达基因（P<0.05，log₂|Fold change|>1），包括105个显著上调的基因和172个显著下调的基因。这些基因主要富集在包括炎症反应、免疫反应、细胞因子生成调控、细胞分化、白细胞趋化和迁移、调节免疫系统过程等免疫相关的功能GO条目，以及先天免疫和细胞免疫应答相关的重要通路。综上，奶牛补饲叶酸对其免疫相关性状等有重要影响，且显著影响免疫相关通路的基因表达，为叶酸补饲的推广应用提供了一定的科学理论基础。     

Analysis of factors affecting milking claw vacuum levels using a simulated milking device

Bovine mastitis is typically caused by microbial infection of the udder, but the factors responsible for this condition are varied. One potential cause is the milking system, and although previous studies have investigated various methods for inspecting these devices, most have not assessed methods for evaluating the milking units. With this in mind, we analyzed the factors that affect the vacuum inside the milking claw by using a simulated milking device and by measuring milking claw vacuum when adjusting the flow rate in five stages. The factors analyzed in each milking system were the vacuum pressure settings (high and low line system) , milk tube length (200‐328 cm), aperture diameter (14‐22.2 mm), constricted aperture diameter (12 mm), tubing configurations, lift formation (0‐80 cm), claw type (bottom and top flow) and use or non‐use of a milk sampler. The study findings demonstrated that all of these variables had a significant impact on claw vacuum and suggest that a diagnostic method using a simulated milking device should be considered when inspecting modern milking systems.     

椰子粕等量替代玉米对泌乳牛和干奶牛的影响

[目的]为了掌握用椰子粕替代等量玉米对泌乳牛和干奶牛的影响。[方法]挑选健康的泌乳牛20头和干奶牛12头,遵循品种相同,年龄、胎次、产犊日、产奶量和体重相近的原则,将它们两两配对,随机分成试验组和对照组,两组的日粮结构和饲养管理制度基本一致,不同的是,试验组牛所用的试验精料改为在原相应精料基础上添加15%的椰子粕,替代等量的玉米,试验期间,定期记录试验牛的日产奶量,观察膘情和其他相关体征,看两组有何差异。[结果]结果显示:试验期间试验组牛的日平均产奶量为16.00kg,对照组为15.99kg,两组差异不显著(P0.05);试验组牛的平均体重为475.19kg,对照组为475.75kg,两组差异也不显著(P0.05),但是,用试验组精料每吨可节约成本168元。[结论]因此,在奶牛精料中添加15%的椰子粕替代等量玉米是可行的,奶牛场通过使用这样的日粮可以获得显著的经济效益。     

饲料中适量添加小苏打对牦牛产奶性能的影响

研究在牦牛饲料中适量添加小苏打后,对牦牛产奶量及相关指标的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,3个试验组牦牛产奶量变化不显著,试验前后牦牛奶的pH值也变化不显著,但是试验1组、试验2组、试验3组牦牛乳中的乳脂率有显著提高,分别提高了2.52%、2.95%、3.08%。     

挤奶厅挤奶卫生检测的关键点分析

挤奶设备和挤奶厅的卫生对原料乳的质量有着重要的影响。作者介绍了挤奶厅检测的几个关键点：挤奶机奶衬、挤奶机真空压水平、挤奶机滤膜、挤奶机脉动管和脉动器及挤奶后挤奶机的洁净度;挤奶厅的卫生及挤奶操作和储奶管的清洗。通过加强挤奶厅关键点的检测从而保证原料乳质量。     

Allocation of feed based on individual dairy cow live weight changes: II: Effect on milk production

Based on individual cow live weight gain, feeding strategies were designed for individual feeding of dairy cows in loose-housing systems, and examined in a four-year production trial including 115 Danish Red (DR), 91 Danish Holstein (DH), and 93 Danish Jersey (DJ). The objective of the present paper was to examine the milk yield obtained in response to three feeding strategies. The interrelationship between feed intake and live weight changes is presented in a companion paper.Cows were stalled in a loose-housing system based on automatic milking, automatic recording of feed intake and automatic weighing of the cows. All cows had 3 kg of individually separately offered concentrate (ISC) in addition to a mixed ration (MR). Cows were either allowed a medium energy MR during whole lactation (strategy MR1) or a high energy MR during early lactation, which was reduced to a low energy MR either early or late (strategy MR2-E and MR2-L). The early and late changes were defined as a live weight gain after live weight minimum at 15 and 35 kg, respectively, for DR/DH and 11 and 25 kg, respectively, for DJ. When MR energy concentration was changed, cows on the MR2 strategies were offered 3 kg per day of extra concentrate. The total allowance of 6 kg ISC was stepwise reduced to 3 kg per day as live weight continued to increase until 50 and 35 kg for DR/DH and DJ, respectively.Compared to feeding the MR1 strategy, the analysis showed that feeding the MR2 strategies did not significantly affect milk yield within primiparous DR and DH or within any DJ, as total lactation feed energy intake within these groups of cows was not significantly affected by the feeding strategy. Results obtained for multiparous DH showed that it is possible to increase milk yield without reducing the milk:feed ratio, when MR2 strategies were applied compared to the MR1 strategy. Feeding high energy rations during early lactation caused a higher peak feed energy intake within multiparous cows of DH and DR, but only multiparous DH obtained higher peak ECM yield in response to higher feed energy intake in early lactation. Across breed the results suggested that cows offered the MR2-E strategy might obtain higher lactation ECM yield compared to cows offered the MR2-L strategy due to a higher ECM yield persistency obtained by cows offered the MR2-E strategy. Results on feed intake and live weight changes presented in a companion paper indicated, that cows offered the MR2 strategies obtained a lower extent of mobilization compared to cows offered the MR1 strategy, and feeding the MR2-E strategy significantly increased duration of the mobilization period, which might have increased MR2-E cows' ability to maintain a high milk production during mid lactation.     

Selection of Culture Conditions and Cell Morphology for Biocompatible Extraction of β-Carotene from Dunaliella salina

Biocompatible extraction emerges recently as a means to reduce costs of biotechnology processing of microalgae. In this frame, this study aimed at determining how specific culture conditions and the associated cell morphology impact the biocompatibility and the extraction yield of β-carotene from the green microalga Dunaliella salina using n-decane. The results highlight the relationship between the cell disruption yield and cell volume, the circularity and the relative abundance of naturally permeabilized cells. The disruption rate increased with both the cell volume and circularity. This was particularly obvious for volume and circularity exceeding 1500 µm³ and 0.7, respectively. The extraction of β-carotene was the most biocompatible with small (600 µm³) and circular cells (0.7) stressed in photobioreactor (30% of carotenoids recovery with 15% cell disruption). The naturally permeabilized cells were disrupted first; the remaining cells seems to follow a gradual permeabilization process: reversibility (up to 20 s) then irreversibility and cell disruption. This opens new carotenoid production schemes based on growing robust β-carotene enriched cells to ensure biocompatible extraction.