Social learning in fishes: a review

Animals acquire skills and knowledge from other animals, and fish are no exception. There is now strong experimental evidence that many species of fish exhibit social learning and traditional behaviours. Here, we review the literature pertaining to social learning in fish, focusing on (i) antipredator behaviour, (ii) migration and orientation, (iii) foraging, (iv) mate choice and (v) eavesdropping.     

Decadal variation in the trans-Pacific migration of northern bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) coherent with climate-induced change in prey abundance

Northern bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, apparently spawn only in the western Pacific and a portion of the juveniles migrate to the eastern Pacific. During the past decade, catches of northern bluefin in the eastern Pacific have declined. One possible cause for this decline, proposed by bluefin stock assessment studies, is a decline in the proportion of bluefin that migrate out of the western Pacific. This hypothesis is examined with several indices of the relative abundance of bluefin tuna in the western and eastern Pacific. These indices suggest a decline in the proportion of bluefin migrating to the eastern Pacific since 1977. This period of reduced bluefin migration coincides with a period when a prey of bluefin, Japanese sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, were abundant off Japan. It is hypothesized that in years when sardines are abundant off Japan, a higher proportion of bluefin stay in the western Pacific compared with years when sardines are scarce. Currently, the adun-dance of sardines off Japan is declining. If this decline continues, this hypothesis predicts an increase in bluefin migrating north of Hawaii and into the eastern Pacific.     

Older Chinese and Korean migrants' experiences of the first COVID-19 lockdown in Aotearoa New Zealand: A qualitative study

Later-life migrants, as older people living away from their home nations, occupy multiply-precarious positions in relation to national COVID-19 pandemic responses. Concern has particularly centred on this group's increased risk of social and linguistic exclusion. We explore the perspectives of later-life older Chinese and Koreans living in New Zealand during the nation's COVID-19 lockdown of 2020. This paper presents a sub-analysis of culturally-matched interviews conducted with 3 Korean and 5 Chinese later-life migrants. These participants are a sub-sample of a larger qualitative interview study comprising 44 interviews. A social capital approach has been used to aid conceptualisation of participants' experiences and a reflexive thematic approach guided analysis. Despite their underrepresentation in national response efforts, Chinese and Korean later-life migrants resourcefully participated in ethnically-specific pandemic initiatives. Three themes identified were: (1) taking it seriously (2) already digitally literate (3) challenges and difficulties. Older Asian migrants engaged in a range of creative strategies to stay connected during COVID-19 lockdowns which drew heavily on pre-existing social capital. Future pandemic responses should seek to improve connectedness between the national government COVID-19 response and older Korean and Chinese later-life migrants.     

Movements by adult cutthroat trout in a lotic system: implications for watershed-scale management

Abstract  Movements by adult cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson), were assessed from autumn to summer in the Salt River watershed, Wyoming-Idaho, USA by radio telemetry. Adult cutthroat trout were captured during September and October 2005 in the main stem of the Salt River, surgically implanted with radio transmitters, and tracked through to August 2006. Adult cutthroat trout were relatively sedentary and resided primarily in pools from October to March, but their movement rates increased during April. Higher movement rates were observed among tagged fish during May and early June. Among 43 fish residing in the Salt River during April 2006, 44% remained in the river, 37% moved into mountain tributaries and 19% moved into spring streams during the spawning season. Fish did not use segments of mountain tributaries or the upstream Salt River where fish passage was blocked by anthropogenic barriers or the channel was dewatered during summer. Almost all the fish that moved into spring streams used spring streams where pools and gravel–cobble riffles had been constructed by landowners. The results suggest that adult Snake River cutthroat move widely during May and early June to use spawning habitat in mountain tributaries and improved spring streams. Maintaining the ability of adult fish to move into mountain streams with spawning habitat, preserving spawning habitat in accessible mountain tributaries and removing barriers to upstream movements, and re-establishing summer stream flows in mountain tributaries affected by dams appear to be habitat management alternatives to preserve the Snake River cutthroat trout fishery in the Salt River.     

Nonrandom distribution of chum salmon stocks in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean estimated using mitochondrial DNA microarray

More than 1,000 age-identified chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta collected at 23 stations in the Bering Sea and the North Pacific Ocean in June to July 2003 were used to estimate their origin of stocks using a DNA microarray developed for analyzing the mitochondrial (mt)DNA haplotypes. The observed haplotype distribution was nearly the same as that reported previously for fish collected in September 2002 and 2003 in the present surveyed areas. A conditional maximum-likelihood method for estimation of stock compositions indicated that the Japanese stocks mainly distributed in north central Bering Sea, whereas the Russian stocks were mainly in western Bering Sea. The North American stocks were abundant in eastern Bering Sea and around the Aleutian Islands. Such an area-specific stock composition was not significantly different between mature and immature fish. Thus, the combined results of 2 years suggest that the distribution of chum salmon is nonrandom in the surveyed areas in summer and autumn, and that fish of the same origin migrate together to the same area irrespective of age.     

柴达木盆地沙丘移动的空间分异及对形态参数的响应

研究沙丘移动规律与空间分异特征有助于准确了解风沙活动的危害程度,为区域城镇规划和青藏高原国家生态安全屏障保护与建设提供参考.该研究基于Google Earth软件测量横向沙丘的形态参数与移动速度,分析了移动速度与方向的空间分异特征,以及移动速度对形态参数的响应.结果表明,1)柴达木盆地内沙丘移动速度介于0～23.53 ...     

The future of fish passage science,engineering, and practice

Much effort has been devoted to developing, constructing and refining fish passage facilities to enable target species to pass barriers on fluvial systems, and yet, fishway science, engineering and practice remain imperfect. In this review, 17 experts from different fish passage research fields (i.e., biology, ecology, physiology, ecohydraulics, engineering) and from different continents (i.e., North and South America, Europe, Africa, Australia) identified knowledge gaps and provided a roadmap for research priorities and technical developments. Once dominated by an engineering‐focused approach, fishway science today involves a wide range of disciplines from fish behaviour to socioeconomics to complex modelling of passage prioritization options in river networks. River barrier impacts on fish migration and dispersal are currently better understood than historically, but basic ecological knowledge underpinning the need for effective fish passage in many regions of the world, including in biodiversity hotspots (e.g., equatorial Africa, South‐East Asia), remains largely unknown. Designing efficient fishways, with minimal passage delay and post‐passage impacts, requires adaptive management and continued innovation. While the use of fishways in river restoration demands a transition towards fish passage at the community scale, advances in selective fishways are also needed to manage invasive fish colonization. Because of the erroneous view in some literature and communities of practice that fish passage is largely a proven technology, improved international collaboration, information sharing, method standardization and multidisciplinary training are needed. Further development of regional expertise is needed in South America, Asia and Africa where hydropower dams are currently being planned and constructed.     

工业化进程对农村劳动力价格上涨的影响——基于劳动力转移的中介效应检验

基于我国1995—2015年29省的省域面板数据,利用中介效应模型验证工业化发展是否通过促进农业劳动力转移带来农村劳动力价格上涨。结果表明:农业劳动力转移在工业化进程与农村劳动力价格上涨之间发挥中介作用。工业化水平增加1%,农村劳动力价格将上涨0.19%。工业化发展对工业化中期的农村劳动力价格具有显著的正向影响,但是工业化后期开始,其对劳动力价格的影响呈负相关关系。工业化发展通过促进劳动力转移带来农村劳动力价格上涨的趋势主要发生在东部地区,其次是中部地区,西部地区最弱。     

灾害风险视域下避灾移民的迁移机理与现状及对策

灾害胁迫下的人类生产生活面临日益严峻的挑战,自然灾害风险已成为制约可持续发展的重要因素。本文通过对灾害风险的基本内涵、形成机制、主导因素的分析,结合近年来自然灾害、气候变化对避灾移民工程的决策、实施的影响情况,探讨了灾害风险下的避灾移民搬迁机理、现状与对策;总结现阶段包括避灾移民在内的灾害型移民的总体特征,并发现其已有和潜在的问题;最后从系统性调控的角度,探讨了灾害风险视野下避灾移民的理念、方法和路径。     

模拟酸雨作用下红壤中多环芳烃的释放及纵向迁移特征

以USEPA优先控制的16种多环芳烃为研究对象,通过酸雨的土柱淋溶试验模拟实际降水过程,分析了不同酸度的模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量的变化及不同性质多环芳烃在土柱中纵向迁移特征。研究结果表明:不同酸度模拟酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃残留量均较淋溶前减少,pH2.5酸雨淋溶后红壤中多环芳烃含量较淋溶前减小的幅度最大(52.08%),pH5.6酸雨淋溶后减小的幅度最小(21.55%);酸雨破坏土壤微结构,使土壤胶体分散,粘粒下移,与土壤粘粒结合在一起的多环芳烃也一起向下迁移,酸雨pH值越小,多环芳烃在土壤中的纵向迁移能力就越强;酸雨对土壤中不同性质多环芳烃的纵向迁移影响不同,对低环多环芳烃(环数≤4)的迁移影响较大,对高环多环芳烃(环数4)影响较小,主要是由于不同性质多环芳烃在土壤中结合的物质不同而引起的。该研究结果为了解酸雨作用下多环芳烃在土壤介质中的稳定性及其对地下水潜在污染的风险评价提供理论依据。