Migration‐affected change and vulnerability in rural Vanuatu

Migration is increasingly being promoted as a possible adaptive response to risks associated with climate change and other stresses. While migration may present an adaptation pathway in certain contexts, existing research fails to consider the ways in which migration could contribute to vulnerability in sending communities. This paper examines the impact of migration‐affected change on local vulnerability in Lamen Bay, Vanuatu. Qualitative methods, including interviews and focus groups with 58 individuals, were used to determine how migration interacts with the multiple stressors faced by the community. The results show that migration is likely to contribute to vulnerability in already vulnerable communities. In Lamen Bay, migration affects a number of contextual factors that influence exposure and the capacity to respond to change, including labour supply, food security, migrant attitudes, underdevelopment and institutional viability. These results suggest that development policy in Vanuatu needs to address existing vulnerabilities while offering the opportunity to migrate.     

Cd/Cu/Pb对磺胺嘧啶在土壤中吸附迁移的影响

通过室内批平衡实验和土柱出流实验,探讨了不同浓度镉(Cd)及相同浓度的Cd、铜(Cu)、铅(Pb)对磺胺嘧啶在土壤中吸附、迁移的影响,并分别用Freundlich、Langmuir、Linear方程及Hydrus-1D中的单点和两点吸附模型模拟其在土壤中的吸附、运移过程。结果表明:当Cd浓度为10.0mg·kg~(-1)时促进磺胺嘧啶的吸附;Cd浓度为1.0、300.0mg·kg~(-1)时抑制磺胺嘧啶吸附;Cd浓度为100.0 mg·kg~(-1)时对磺胺嘧啶的吸附无影响;300 mg·kg~(-1)的Cd、Cu、Pb存在时,磺胺嘧啶吸附量大小顺序为:CdCuPb。土柱出流实验中,当Cd浓度为10.0mg·kg~(-1)时,磺胺嘧啶在土柱中的迁移速度最慢,其他浓度对迁移影响不明显;Cd、Cu、Pb相比较而言,Cu存在时磺胺嘧啶的迁移最快,Cd存在时迁移最慢。在对静态吸附特征的拟合过程中,Linear方程拟合效果最好,决定系数R~2均在0.98以上;Hydrus-1D模拟时,两点模型可更好地拟合磺胺嘧啶的运移特征,R~20.907,均方根误差RMSE0.051,瞬时吸附f所占分数较高,说明磺胺嘧啶在迁移过程中存在较大程度的瞬时吸附。     

雷达在昆虫学研究中的应用

昆虫雷达因能无干扰地远距离探测到自然状态下昆虫自由飞行行为,已被广泛用于昆虫高空远距离迁飞和近地飞行行为研究,成为昆虫学研究中一个卓越的研究工具。同时天气雷达也越来越多地用于鸟和昆虫的监测,探地雷达也在探测堤坝蚁穴中起到了重要作用。本文分析了各种不同类型雷达的性能和近年来在昆虫学研究中的应用,以昆虫学家的视角审视了雷达能为昆虫学研究做什么以及其中的挑战。     

农民参与评价农地整理项目的意愿及其影响因素

利用农地整理区农户问卷调查数据,从整体意愿、个体特征、家庭特征和认知水平等方面分析农民参与评价农地整理项目的意愿,并对农民参与评价的意愿影响因素进行计量分析。结果表明:受访农民参与评价的意愿较高,超过八成;不同个体特征、家庭特征和认知水平的受访农民参与评价意愿存在差别;农业劳动力数量、农民对农地整理项目评价的认知程度、政府对农民的规划设计意见的重视程度和政府对项目政策宣传的重视程度等4个变量显著影响农民参与评价的意愿;性别、是否村干部和是否党员等8个变量对农民参与评价的意愿没有显著影响。因此,政府部门应改革现有项目评价制度,重视农民在项目各阶段评价中的作用,加大农民培训和政策宣传力度,提高农民人力资本和就业能力,为耕地流转和农民转向非农部门创造条件。     

白枕鹤的分布和迁徙

白枕鹤(Grus vipio)是濒危鹤种之一,国家一级保护动物。白枕鹤分布于六国,在苏联、蒙古、中国繁殖,在中国、北朝鲜、南朝鲜、日本越冬。本文对白枕鹤在中国的分布范围有新的补充。通过对日本山阶鸟类研究所环志的白枕鹤“J17”的观察证明,在1984～1987年春季均从日本迁徙到中国黑龙江扎龙自然保护区沼泽湿地繁殖。1987年6月18日,中日环志合作调查组捕捉环志了“J17”的幼雏,环志号Q00-0663,红彩环“61”。10月7日“J17”的家族南迁,于12月3日到达日本出水鹤类越冬地,环志回收说明白枕鹤迁徙于中国繁殖地和日本越冬地,是确凿无疑。     

农业补贴政策下农户土地流转的意愿分析——基于山东省的样本数据

为了探讨农业补贴政策对农户土地流转意愿有何影响,以山东省202个农户的调查样本数据为基础,通过对其进行描述性分析,研究当前农村的农业补贴政策以及土地流转的具体实施情况,并侧重分析了农业补贴政策对农户土地流转意愿的影响.结果表明,①山东省的土地流转规模较小,以农户自主流转为主,地方政府没有建立完善相关的土地流转配套体系;②农业补贴力度偏低,当前农业补贴政策对农户的土地流转意愿影响不大,并且实际操作中存在不少不合理之处,政策倾向性不强.同时针对以上问题,提出了相关的政策建议.     

农牧交错区土地利用重心迁移研究——以河北省沽源县为例

基于Landsat TM数据和GIS技术,通过土地利用变化和重心迁移理论对农牧交错区河北省沽源县30多年土地利用的空间演变情况进行分析。结果表明：研究区农业用地和草地占主要地类,1980—2013年土地利用重心有明显迁移;农业用地重心向东北迁移,迁移距离为4 595.79 m;林地重心向东南方迁移,迁移距离为3 820.62 m;草地和建设用地重心向西北方迁移,迁移距离分别为5 294.75、1 220.91 m;水域重心迁移距离较小;未利用土地重心向西南方迁移,迁移距离为4 552.13 m。自然因素对沽源县土地利用空间变化起到一定的推动作用,政策推动等人类活动干扰则是主要驱动因素。     

Low-Molecular-Weight Fucoidan Induces Endothelial Cell Migration via the PI3K/AKT Pathway and Modulates the Transcription of Genes Involved in Angiogenesis

Low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMWF) is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed that presents antithrombotic and pro-angiogenic properties. However, its mechanism of action is not well-characterized. Here, we studied the effects of LMWF on cell signaling and whole genome expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and endothelial colony forming cells. We observed that LMWF and vascular endothelial growth factor had synergistic effects on cell signaling, and more interestingly that LMWF by itself, in the absence of other growth factors, was able to trigger the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which plays a crucial role in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. We also observed that the effects of LMWF on cell migration were PI3K/AKT-dependent and that LMWF modulated the expression of genes involved at different levels of the neovessel formation process, such as cell migration and cytoskeleton organization, cell mobilization and homing. This provides a better understanding of LMWF’s mechanism of action and confirms that it could be an interesting therapeutic approach for vascular repair.     

铜在草甸黑土中的淋溶规律及其对不同因素的响应

通过室内土柱试验,模拟研究在扣除地表径流影响的条件下,铜在草甸黑土中的淋溶规律。结果表明:随着淋溶液用量增加,铜的淋出量增大;土壤溶液和腐殖酸溶液作为淋溶液,在一定程度上抑制铜的淋溶,而EDTA会显著促进铜的淋溶;CaCl2、MgSO4、KCl和NaCl 4种无机盐淋溶液均能促进铜的淋溶,促进作用顺序为CaCl2>MgSO4>KCl和NaCl>对照;随着淋溶液pH值的降低,铜的淋出量增加;间断淋溶方式不利于土壤中铜的淋溶。     

Coexistence of anadromous and lacustrine life histories of the shirauo, Salangichthys microdon

The environmental history of the shirauo, Salangichthys microdon, was examined in terms of strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) uptake in the otolith, by means of wavelength dispersive X‐ray spectrometry on an electron microprobe. Anadromous and lacustrine type of the shirauo were found to occur sympatric. Otolith Sr concentration or Sr : Ca ratios of anadromous shirauo fluctuated strongly along the life‐history transect in accordance with the migration (habitat) pattern from sea to freshwater. In contrast, the Sr concentration or the Sr : Ca ratios of lacustrine shirauo remained at consistently low levels throughout the otolith. The higher ratios in anadromous shirauo, in the otolith region from the core to 90–230 μm, corresponded to the initial sea‐going period, probably reflecting the ambient salinity or the seawater–freshwater gradient in Sr concentration. The findings clearly indicated that otolith Sr : Ca ratios reflected individual life histories, enabling these anadromous shirauo to be distinguished from lacustrine shirauo.