山西南部地区小麦吸浆虫显著回升原因分析及防治对策

近年来,受多种因素的影响,山西南部麦区吸浆虫回升态势明显,对当地粮食生产安全构成极大威胁。为了有效预防吸浆虫发生为害,结合2006年小麦吸浆虫发生实况,在深入剖析其暴发成灾原因的基础上,提出"以农业措施为基础,化学防治为辅助"的防治对策。     

小麦品种抗吸浆虫鉴定

１９９１～１９９４年利用一套较完整的田间抗性鉴定方法，对４４３个生产品种、后备品种及抗源进行了抗吸浆虫鉴定。结果表明，参试品种（系）对吸浆虫的抗性差异显著。高抗、中抗和低抗的品种（系）分别占参试材料的１３．１％、１２．９％和２８．１％，其中冀麦２３、２４和２５号、遗４１７９、４１５４、４１８８、郑太育一号等１８个品种（系）对吸浆虫连续几年表现出稳定的抗性。鉴定结果为生产和育种部门利用抗虫品种提供了科学依据。     

稻瘿蚊的饲养研究

[目的]探讨稻瘿蚊的饲养。[方法]介绍了稻瘿蚊的形态特征、生活习性、饲养方法和抗性鉴定。[结果]可使用TN1作为饲料饲养稻瘿蚊,在饲养过程中要注意喷水保湿,注意防鼠、稻飞虱、蚂蚁、蜘蛛等的为害,可通过隔水法防治老鼠和蚂蚁,自来水冲洗法防治稻飞虱,捕杀法防治蜘蛛。[结论]为进一步研究稻瘿蚊提供了参考。     

水稻抗稻瘿蚊基因的研究与利用现状

综述了稻瘿蚊(Orscolia oryzae)的生物学特征及其分布、生物类型,重点介绍了抗稻瘿蚊基因的鉴定和定位研究以及应用现状,并对今后抗稻瘿蚊的研究提出了几点建议。     

Effectiveness of Neem (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica</Emphasis>) insecticides against Brassica pod midge (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dasineura brassicae</Emphasis> Winn<Emphasis Type="Italic">.</Emphasis>)

The efficiency of the botanical insecticide (BI) NeemAzal T/S (containing 1% Azadirachtin A), on the basis of azadirachtin applied in a dose of 20 g a.i. ha⁻¹ against Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae), has been monitored for 4 years. The biological efficiency of BI was compared with the efficiency of some synthetic insecticides. It was ascertained that BI was very efficient in decreasing the number of damaged oilseed rape pods (ranging from 56.5 to 85.9% compared to untreated plants) and its efficiency was comparable with synthetic insecticides based on Chloronicotinyl (Thiacloprid) and Neonicotinoid (Acetamiprid). BI’s efficiency was, in some years, even significantly higher compared to pyrethroid (λ-cyhalothrin). The high biological efficiency of azadirachtin that we ascertained was significantly reflected in increasing potential crop yields. The yield increase of azadirachtin ranged between 9.3 and 19.4% compared to the control sample. Azadirachtin showed the highest yield for the whole time of experimentation, and in some years the yield increase was significantly higher compared to some synthetic agents.     

Breakdown of resistance to sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola

Sorghum midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola Coquillett) is an important pest of grain sorghum worldwide. Several sources of resistance to sorghum midge have been identified in the world sorghum germplasm collection, of which some lines show a susceptible reaction in Kenya. Therefore, we studied the insect density damage relationships for a diverse array of midge-resistant and midge-susceptible sorghum genotypes, and variation in association of glume and grain characteristics with expression of resistance to sorghum midge. AF 28 and IS 8891 showed resistance to sorghum midge both in India and Kenya; DJ 6514 and ICSV 197, which are highly resistant to sorghum midge in India, showed a susceptible reaction at Alupe, Kenya. Sorghum midge damage in general was greater in Kenya than that observed in India at the same level of midge density suggesting that the breakdown of resistance in Kenya is due to factors other than insect density. Glume length, glume breadth, and glume area were positively associated with susceptibility to sorghum midge at both locations. However, under natural infestation, the correlation coefficients were stronger in India than in Kenya. Grain mass at 3 and 6 days after anthesis was positively associated with susceptibility to midge in India, but did not show any association with midge damage in Kenya. Grain growth rate between 3 and 6 days after anthesis was more strongly correlated with susceptibility to midge in Kenya than in India. Variation in the reaction of sorghum genotypes across locations may be partly due to the influence of environment on association between glume and grain characteristics with susceptibility to sorghum midge, in addition to the possible differences in midge populations in different geographical regions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

蠓虫源盖塔病毒(SZC30)结构基因分子生物学特征分析

为了解云南蠓虫源盖塔病毒（GETV） SZC30株分子特征及其与国内外其他媒介和宿主动物中分离病毒的遗传进化关系,本研究采用5对盖塔病毒特异引物对2013年首次在云南省蠓虫中分离的盖塔病毒SZC30株结构基因进行RT-PCR扩增,并对扩增产物进行测序;采用DNAStar软件中SeqMan进行序列拼接,获得SZC30株病毒结构基因序列长3 762 nt,编码衣壳蛋白（C）、E1、E2、E3和6K蛋白,序列长度分别为804、1 317、1 266、192和183 nt,编码蛋白长度分别为268、438、422、64和61个氨基酸。C、E1和E2基因系统进化分析显示,SZC30株与1955-2018年不同地域、宿主分离的27株盖塔病毒分离株形成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ 4个进化分支;SZC30株与中国、韩国和日本蚊虫和动物分离株位于Ⅲ进化分支内,核苷酸同源性最高,在98.0%以上,氨基酸同源性在98.9%以上,亲缘关系较近;而与马来西亚、俄罗斯等蚊虫分离株位于不同进化分支,核苷酸同源性低于97.6%,亲缘关系较远;与马来西亚蚊虫分离株（GenBank登录号：AF339484）、中国海南和云南蚊虫分离株（GenBank登录号：EU015061和KY434327）在C、E1和E2蛋白存在31个氨基酸差异位点,而与日本蚊虫分离株（GenBank登录号：LC152056）、中国猪分离株（GenBank登录号：MG865966和MG865969）氨基酸位点无差异,且同源性为100%。SZC30株与27株盖塔病毒在E1、E2蛋白上存在2个潜在糖基化位点和3个跨膜区;T细胞抗原表位分析结果显示,SZC30株与分离自蚊、猪、狐、牛和马等的盖塔病毒分离株均存在表位差异,其中,E1、E2蛋白发现较多表位差异。以上结果提示,蠓虫源盖塔病毒与大多数蚊虫和动物分离毒株同源性高、遗传进化关系近,且氨基酸位点、糖基化位点、跨膜区结构等分子特征相似,提示蠓虫可能作为一种潜在的传播媒介参与了当地盖塔病毒的传播扩散。     

杉木球果瘿蚊危害性之初步研究

近几年发现的杉木种实害虫－杉木球果瘿蚊，它对杉木种子产量和质量影响很大。虫果和健果比较鲜重损失３６．６％，出籽率损失３４．９％，发芽势损失３８．６％，千粒重损失１４．４％，引起损失的主要原因是瘿蚊幼虫危害果鳞后引起果鳞畸形生长，阻碍种子的发育。     

麦红吸浆虫幼虫滞育状态及其核酸含量变化研究

周年系统调查结果表明,麦红吸浆虫滞育幼虫以两种状态存在,一种是结茧幼虫,即圆茧;另一种是裸露幼虫。一般情况下,结茧幼虫占绝大多数,裸露幼虫所占比例较小,两者的比例随季节有所变化。滞育幼虫的RNA含量因季节而不同,春季活动阶段明显上升;而DNA含量随季节不同变化较小,无一定的规律性。同一时期淘捡的裸露幼虫和结茧幼虫,其RNA或DNA含量基本相似,不同时期的含量变化趋势相同,表明二者的滞育本质是一样的,可能存在滞育程度的差异。