郭予元院士在小麦害虫预测和治理上的学术贡献——纪念郭予元院士诞辰90周年

本文回顾了郭予元院士在小麦害虫预测和治理上的重要贡献,主要包括：在20世纪70-90年代,创新了害虫生物学与生态学有机结合方法,显著提升小麦害虫预测技术水平。从宏观到机理,突破了多项小麦害虫治理关键技术,包括小麦品种抗吸浆虫鉴定技术与抗吸浆虫机制,创新性提出吸浆虫成虫期防治及穗期保护策略;利用田间开放式控制虫量的办法建立小麦蚜虫防治阈值及复合防治指标;麦田天敌资源的保护及利用。面向小麦生产实际,创建小麦吸浆虫综合治理技术体系。吸浆虫穗期保护策略和技术、蚜虫防治指标与防治适期等研究成果一直传承至今,列入我国农业行业标准和国家标准。本文还介绍了在后续小麦吸浆虫、蚜虫预测与防控研究与实践中,传承与发展郭予元院士的学术思想,以及未来研究展望。     

Calendar and degree-day requirements for emergence of adult Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby), an egg-larval parasitoid of wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin)

The chalcidoid wasp, Macroglenes penetrans (Kirby), is an important parasitoid of wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), in Europe and western Canada. Emergence of adult wasps was evaluated at 12 sites in Saskatchewan in 1991-2000. Emergence was assessed in relation to calendar days and accumulated degree-days above five different threshold air temperatures. Male wasps emerged 1-2 days before the female wasps. Dates for 10%, 50% and 90% emergence of both wasp sexes were July 16, July 21 and July 30, respectively. Standard deviations (SD) indicated that emergence dates varied by 6.2-7.7 days. The variation in dates related to degree-day accumulations between March 1 and July 31. Wasps emerged 2-12 days earlier than expected at sites with the highest accumulation and 2-17 days later than expected at sites with the lowest accumulation. Accumulated degree-days above 9 °C provided the most accurate estimate of 10% emergence (450 DD, SD = 2.4 days) and 90% emergence (579 DD, SD = 5.0 days). Accumulated degree-days above 5 or 9 °C provided the most accurate estimate of 50% emergence (823 DD, SD = 3.0 days; 503 DD, SD = 3.1 days, respectively). Deviations between observed and expected emergence were greatest at sites with either low or high precipitation. In most instances, wasps emerged 1-8 days earlier than expected at sites that received 20-40 mm rain in May and 1-11 days later than expected at sites that received more than 145 mm rain in May and June. Degree-days above 5 or 9 °C minimized the variation at these sites. Emergence was re-assessed in 2008 and 2009. In both years, accumulated degree-days above 9 °C predicted 10%, 50% and 90% emergence within 0.1-2.2 days. Forecast maps, based on daily degree-day accumulations above 9 °C, would assist producers in monitoring their fields for the presence of wasps. Producers could also adjust the timing, rate and placement of sprays for control of wheat midge to protect and conserve the parasitoid.     

菊花瘿蚊生活习性的研究

菊花瘿蚊是菊科植物一种重要害虫，其大规模发生严重影响我国药用菊花的产量和品质。主要研究菊花瘿蚊形态特征、年生活史、饲养条件、孵化规律和交配规律，为菊花瘿蚊的防治提供依据。     

北京市通州区小麦吸浆虫发生规律

小麦吸浆虫近年来在北京市通州区发生面积不断扩大,为掌握小麦吸浆虫发生情况,找出适宜通州地区的防治技术,对其发生规律进行了调查。其活动幼虫在耕作层中的变动,有明显的季节性,春季0～7 cm土层中活动幼虫比率与5 cm土层平均地温基本呈正相关。发生程度和土壤质地、灌溉方式以及小麦品种都有一定程度的关系。     

山核桃花蕾蛆生物学特性及防治技术

山核桃花蕾蛆Contariniasp.在浙江临安1年发生1代,4月上旬起危害山核桃Carya cathayensis花,5月上中旬落地越夏越冬。在2005年危害期,选用喷雾和树干打孔滴药2种方法进行防治试验:喷雾选用400 g.kg-1毒丝本乳油,300 g.kg-1乙酰甲胺磷乳油,300 g.kg-1吡虫啉乳油和500 g.kg-1潜蝇灵粉剂,分别以1∶500,1∶800,1∶1000等3种比例进行试验,每个比例6个重复;树干上打孔滴药选用300 g.kg-1乙酰甲胺磷乳油和300 g.kg-1吡虫啉乳油,分别以1∶0,1∶1和1∶2等3种比例进行试验,每个比例6个重复。2种防治方法的试验效果,通过t检验存在极显著差异(P=0.00),喷雾法试验效果明显高于打孔滴药法。喷雾试验的平均防效为94.80%,打孔滴药试验的平均防效仅为2.40%。图2表6参8     

抗稻瘿蚊和稻瘟病恢复系双抗明占的选育及抗性分析

双抗明占是携带有抗稻瘿蚊基因Gm6的抗蚊青占与多系1号杂交的后代,经多年多点自然诱发鉴定筛选出抗稻瘟病和稻瘿蚊的恢复系,并经分子标记检测具有Gm6基因。双抗明占及其配制的杂交稻经抗稻瘿蚊试验,结果表明:抗蚊青占与双抗明占及其配制的杂交稻组合之间差异不显著,而与没有抗源的恢复系明恢100及其配制的杂交稻组合金优明100之间存在着极显著的差异;双抗明占是三系不育系的强恢复系,用双抗明占配制的杂交稻组合特优明占表现高产、中抗稻瘟病。     

我国抗稻瘿蚊育种研究的新进展

稻瘿蚊是我国南方主要水稻害虫之一,以山区为重.综述我国近年(1998～2004)在抗稻瘿蚊基因的分子标记和分子标记辅助选择育种新方法研究及水稻抗稻瘿蚊新品种(系)研究和应用的新进展.通过探索,已初步建立了抗稻瘿蚊分子标记辅助选择育种的技术体系,应用这个技术体系,利用源于我国的抗稻瘿蚊水稻资源大秋其的抗稻瘿蚊基因Gm6,培育出抗稻瘿蚊的抗蚊青占、抗蚊18号和抗蚊软占等常规籼稻新品系,4个两系杂交稻组合培矮64S/KG18,培矮64S/KI41,培矮64S/AK7,培矮64S/03W16和1个三系杂交稻组合抗蚊博优.     

水稻品种资源91 1A②对稻瘿蚊的抗性鉴定及其遗传分析

 以抗虫品种资源91 1A②为父本,分别与粳桂、TN1、W1263（Gm1）、 IET2911（Gm2）、BG404 1（gm3）、OB677（Gm4）、ARC5984（Gm5）和多抗1号（Gm6）（母本）进行杂交、测交、自交,获得F1、BC1F1、F2群体,对亲本和各个群体进行稻瘿蚊的抗性鉴定,研究91 1A②的抗性基因和遗传规律。结果表明,91 1A②及其与其他品种杂交获得的F1都抗中国稻瘿蚊生物型Ⅳ型,杂交获得的BC1F1和F2对中国稻瘿蚊生物型Ⅳ型的抗虫和感虫植株分离比经χ2测验分别符合1∶3和9∶7,说明91 1A②对中国稻瘿蚊生物型Ⅳ型的抗性受2对显性基因控制。91 1A②所含的2对抗性基因与已知的6个抗性基因Gm1、Gm2、gm3、Gm4、Gm5和Gm6不等位,与其他5个抗性基因Gm7、Gm8、Gm9、Gm10、Gm11(t)也不等位。该抗性基因可能是2对新的抗性基因。