稀土微肥在金针菇上的应用

介绍了使用不同浓度的稀土微肥拌料按常规栽培金针菇的试验,结果表明:农用硝酸稀土浓度为50 mg/kg时,促进菌丝生长、出菇整齐,产量较对照提高26.1%.用50 mg/kg稀土微肥处理过的金针菇,菌盖小,菌柄长而粗,菌柄基部呈淡黄色至褐色,经济性状优于对照.     

小黑麦子粒中铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素反应的品种差异及其类型

采用盆栽试验,以31份具有不同遗传背景的小黑麦品种为材料,设低氮和正常供氮2个氮素水平,探讨小黑麦子粒中铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素反应的品种差异及其类型。结果表明: 1）不同供氮条件下,小黑麦子粒中铁、锌含量以正常供氮显著高于低氮条件,锰、铜含量在两个供氮条件下差异不显著;相同供氮条件下,小黑麦子粒中铁、锰、铜、锌含量存在显著的品种差异,变异系数为15.07 %～38.69 %。2） 铁、锰、铜、锌含量对氮素供应的敏感性存在差异,以各小黑麦品种子粒微量元素含量对氮素响应的敏感程度,可将其分为钝感型、中间型和敏感型3种类型。3）相关分析表明,铁、锰含量与粒重相关性不显著,铜、锌含量与粒重呈极显著正相关（相关系数分别为0.45、0.44）;铁、锰、铜、锌含量与子粒中含氮量呈极显著正相关（相关系数分别为0.34、0.55、0.47、0.71）。这些结果可为小黑麦营养品质有利基因的发掘和运用提供参考依据。     

巢湖流域磷肥减量施用对稻麦轮作体系作物产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨稻麦轮作体系下磷肥减量施用对作物籽粒产量与营养品质的影响,为巢湖流域稻麦轮作体系下磷肥减量增效,作物优质生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2017—2019年在巢湖流域进行磷肥减量施用田间试验,设置5个处理：对照（CK,不施磷）、农户模式（P1,磷用量90 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）、减磷10%（P2,磷用量81 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）、减磷20%（P3,磷用量72 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）、减磷30%（P4,磷用量63 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2）。分析磷肥减量施用对水稻和小麦产量及其构成要素,籽粒蛋白质及组分含量,微量元素及其生物有效性的影响。【结果】与不施磷相比,施磷水稻和小麦的籽粒产量分别显著提高了9.8%—28.3%和56.6%—89.7%。减磷10%和20%处理的水稻和小麦籽粒产量与农户模式无显著差异（P>0.05）,但减磷30%处理的水稻产量显著降低14.4%。与农户模式相比,减磷处理显著影响作物蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,对结构蛋白（清蛋白+球蛋白）无显著影响,减磷20%处理水稻籽粒蛋白质和谷蛋白含量降低2.7%和32.3%,减磷30%处理的水稻和小麦籽粒蛋白质和谷蛋白含量分别降低6.8%和21.9%、48.4%和31.6%。与不施磷相比,施磷同样显著影响水稻和小麦籽粒微量元素含量及其生物有效性。减磷处理较农户模式水稻和小麦籽粒Fe、Cu和Zn含量提高21.2%和19.3%、11.9%和15.8%、14.5%和19.9%;P/Fe、P/Cu和P/Zn摩尔比降低21.6%和26.3%、20.6%和27%、17.7%和21.3%。水稻和小麦籽粒Zn含量随施磷量的降低而线性增加,减磷处理间的作物籽粒Fe、Mn和Cu含量无显著差异。水稻籽粒P/Zn摩尔比随施磷量的降低而降低,减磷处理间籽粒P/Fe、P/Mn和P/Cu摩尔比无显著差异;小麦籽粒P/Fe、P/Mn、P/Cu和P/Zn摩尔比均随施磷量的降低而降低,提高了小麦籽粒Fe、Cu和Zn的生物有效性。【结论】在巢湖流域稻麦轮作区,磷肥减量20%,即磷肥用量由90 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2减至72 kg P₂O₅·hm^-2时仍可保证作物稳产。磷肥减量施用虽在一定程度上降低了籽粒蛋白质含量和谷蛋白含量,但显著提高了微量元素Fe、Cu和Zn的含量和生物有效性。综合考虑,推荐磷肥减量20%为巢湖流域稻麦轮作区实现磷肥增效及作物高产优质生产的磷肥优化管理措施。     

Micronutrients distribution in salt-affected soils of the Punjab in relation to soil properties

Salt-affected soils in arid and semi-arid tracts of the Indian Punjab are prone to deficiency of micronutrients. Nine profiles from alluvial terraces, sand dunes and palaeochannels in the southwestern Punjab were investigated for total and diethylenetriamine-penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe. Soil physiography exerted significant influence on the spatial distribution of micronutrients. Total contents varied from 20–78 for Zn, 8–32 for Cu, and 88–466 mg kg^?1 for Mn and 0.82–2.53% for Fe. DTPA-extractable contents varied from 0.10–0.98 for Zn, 0.14–1.02 for Cu, 0.54–13.02 for Fe and 0.82–9.4 mg kg^?1 for Mn. Total contents were higher in fine-textured soil than in coarse-textured soils. Concentration of micronutrients in the surface layer was low and there occurred more accumulation in the Cambic horizon. Organic carbon, pH, clay, silt and calcium carbonate exerted strong influence on the distribution of micronutrients. DTPA extractable Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe increased with increasing organic carbon but decreased with increase in pH and calcium carbonate content. Total micronutrient contents increased with increase in clay, silt and calcium carbonate contents and decreased with increase in sand content.     

GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF YOUNG BEAN PLANTS UNDER HIGH ALKALINITY AS AFFECTED BY MIXTURES OF AMMONIUM,POTASSIUM, AND SODIUM

High concentrations of bicarbonate (HCO^? ₃) cause alkalinity of irrigation water and are associated with suppression in plant growth and micronutrient deficiencies, such as iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Because reports indicate that the deleterious effects of alkalinity may be counteracted partially by supplementary potassium (K⁺) or ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) an experiment was designed to evaluate the response of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown in high alkalinity conditions to varying proportions of NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, or sodium (Na⁺) (as a potential substitute for K⁺). Plants established in a growth chamber were grown in hydroponics for 21 days in solutions containing 5 mM HCO^? ₃ and a total of 5 mM of a mixture of NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. The proportions of NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ were designed according to mixture experiment methodology. Total N in all the mixture treatments was maintained at 10 mM by using nitrate (NO^? ₃)-N, thus the NH₄ ⁺:NO^? ₃ ratio varied according to the proportion of NH₄ ⁺ in the mixtures. Alkalinity caused suppression in plant growth and chlorophyll concentration in the younger leaves, whereas excessive NH₄ ⁺ was associated with leaf scorching and decreased leaf expansion. High proportions of K⁺ alleviated alkalinity symptoms and produced higher shoot and root dry mass provided that NH₄ ⁺ was included in the mixture. However, a proportion of NH₄ ⁺ higher than 0.333 in the mixture (>1.66 mM NH₄ ⁺) induced toxicity. The highest shoot dry mass occurred if the NH₄ ⁺:NO^? ₃ ratio was 0.19:0.81 and the NH₄ ⁺:K⁺:Na⁺ proportion was 0.38:0.38:0.24 (1.9 mM NH₄ ⁺ + 1.9 mM K⁺ + 1.2 mM Na⁺). Thus, an improvement in plant growth is achieved when NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ are blended together, in spite of the high alkalinity treatment imposed. Optimum NH₄ ⁺ was associated with a decrease in solution pH and an increase in shoot Fe and Zn concentration.     

Controlled-release fertilizer of zinc encapsulated by a manganese hollow core shell

Abstract

The distribution of azolla, its growth, and P-deficiency were studied in the Philippines by collecting 232 azolla samples from ponds (33%) and rice fields (67%: 40% with rice and 27% without rice) in 11 regions. The dominant species, coverage, color, healthiness, fertilizer treatment, and use by farmers were recorded. The N and P concentrations in azolla were expressed on an ash-free dry matter basis. The average N concentration was 4.5% and the median 4.5%. The average P concentration was 0.385% and the median 0.332%. Region, species, color, and visual judgment of healthiness were correlated with P concentration. Red Azolla pinnata var. imbricata samples had a lower average P content (n = 42, P = 0.245%) than green samples (n = 41, P = 0.46%). A. microphylla was always green and had significantly higher N and P concentrations than A. pinnata var. imbricata. Nitrogen and P contents were highly correlated (simple correlation coefficient = 0.64, ranking correlation coefficient = 0.73). As the content of P increased, the content of N was likely to approach a plateau. The N concentration at the plateau and the P concentration required to reach this plateau were higher in the A. microphylla-dominated samples than in A. pinnata var. imbricata-dominated samples. When the P concentration corresponding to 90% of the N% plateau was set as the critical concentration for P deficiency, 53% of azolla plants was considered to be P deficient. Soil samples were taken from 66 out of the total number of azolla sampling sites, and their chemical properties were analyzed. Average available soil P content of the soils, where the azolla samples were taken, was higher than the average for the Philippine soils. There was a distinct difference in the content of available soil P (Olsen P) between the soils where A. pinnata var. imbricata was dominant (n = 51) and those where A. microphylla was dominant (n = 8). The average content of available soil P of the former was 28 ppm and the median 12.5 ppm, whereas the average of the latter was 54 ppm and the median 47 ppm. No statistically significant differences were observed in other chemical properties. In soils where A. pinnata var. imbricata was dominant, the simple correlation coefficient between plant P concentration and soil available P content was 0.31 and the ranking correlation coefficient 0.34. The ranking correlation coefficient excluding samples from ponds was 0.54 (n = 42).     

Nutritional and management related interactions with iron-deficiency stress response mechanisms

Iron (Fe) deficiency symptoms develop in many agricultural and horticultural settings and generally occur when susceptible genotypes are grown in calcareous soils where Fe availability is limited. However, in some situations, Fe deficiency develops as a result of biological interactions with factors other than limited available Fe. We review physiological explanations for some factors known to interact with iron-deficiency stress. The discussion includes interactions with macronutrients and micronutrients, management factors such as grazing and companion cropping, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We also refer to several field observed interactions with Fe deficiency in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], where physiological explanations are yet to be identified. These include interactions with seeding rate and application of the herbicide glyphosate on glyphosate tolerant varieties. We believe that elucidation of additional physiological answers for field observations are critical to efficient and economic viability of world food production.     

Nitrogen Levels Influence Biomass,Elemental Accumulations,and Pigment Concentrations in Spinach

ABSTRACT

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) has one of the highest United States per capita consumption rates among leafy vegetable crops, and also ranks second for lutein and β-carotene carotenoid concentration. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) concentration on elemental and pigment accumulation in spinach. Two spinach cultivars (‘Melody’ and ‘Springer F1’) were greenhouse grown in nutrient solution culture under N treatments of 13, 26, 52, and 105 mg L^{? 1}. Leaf tissue biomass increased from 45.6 to 273.2 g plant^{? 1} and from 127.0 to 438.6 g plant^{? 1} as N increased from 13 to 105 mg L^{? 1} for ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’, respectively. Leaf tissue N, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) responded to N treatments. Lutein accumulations, expressed on a fresh weight basis, responded quadratically to increasing N treatments for ‘Springer F1’. Maximum lutein values were 110 and 76 μ g g^{? 1} on a fresh weight basis, and maximum β-carotene values were 85 and 57 μ g g^{? 1} on a fresh weight basis for ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’, respectively. Interestingly, N levels had a significant effect on carotenoid accumulation in both ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’ when the pigments were expressed on a dry weight basis. Leaf tissue lutein increased from 0.59 to 1.06 mg g^{? 1} and from 0.59 to 0.90 mg g^{? 1} on a dry weight basis with increasing N treatments for ‘Springer F1’ and ‘Melody’, respectively. Reporting lutein and β-carotene on both a fresh and dry weight basis may be the most accurate way to express the carotenoid values of spinach.     

Correction and standardization of critical limit of zinc for maize (Zea mays L.) crop: Bangladesh perspective

Abstract

Critical limit (CL) determination of zinc (Zn) is very important for predicting response of maize crop to its application in soils and for the crop’s actual fertilizer requirement. This study was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, to determine the CL of Zn for maize grown in 20 soils collected from the five Agro–Ecological Zones during January to March, and April to June of 2017. The available Zn content of soils and maize biomass were estimated utilizing the extraction method with 0.005?M diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). During January to March and April to June 2017, the amount of DTPA extractable Zn in different soils ranged from 0.60–3.25?mg?kg^?1 and 0.50–1.68?mg?kg^?1, respectively. During both periods of crop growth (January to March and April to June, 2017), the soil available zinc was negatively significantly correlated with soil pH, available P, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg and positively significantly correlated with relative dry matter (DM) yield. Soil Zn also positively significantly correlated with maize tissue Zn content (r?=?0.521*). However, the CL of Zn were estimated to be 0.84?mg kg^?1 in soils and 26.1?mg kg^?1 in maize tissue for maize cropping as determined by Cate and Nelson’s (1965 Cate, R. B., and L. A. Nelson. 1965. A rapid method for correlation of soil test analysis with plant response data. International soil testing series technical Bulletin No. I North Caroline State University, Agricultural Experiment Statistics, Releigh, USA, pp. 135–136. [Google Scholar]) graphical procedure. Maize crop may respond to Zn application in soils containing Zn at/below the above level. This data may be used for predicting plant response to Zn fertilizer and development of crop Zn nutrition guide for maximum production.     

Soil Phosphorous Influence on Growth and Nutrition of Tropical Legume Cover Crops in Acidic Soil

In tropical regions, use of cover crops in crop production is an important strategy in maintaining sustainability of cropping systems. Phosphorus (P) deficiency in tropical soils is one of the most yield-limiting factors for successful production of cover crops. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate influence of P on growth and nutrient uptake in 14 tropical cover crops. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol, and P levels used were low (0 mg P kg^?1), medium (100 mg P kg^?1) and high (200 mg P kg^?1). There was a significant influence of P and cover crop treatments on plant growth parameters. Phosphorus X cover crops interaction for shoot dry weight, root dry weight and root length was significant, indicating different responses of cover crops to variable P levels. Based on shoot dry weight efficiency index (SDEI), legume species were classified into efficient, moderately efficient or inefficient groups. Overall, white jack bean, gray mucuna bean, mucuna bean ana and black mucuna bean were most P efficient. Remaining species were inefficient in P utilization. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations (content per unit dry weight of tops) as well as uptakes (concentration x dry weight of tops) were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by P as well as crop species treatments, except magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. The P x crop species interactions were significant for concentration and uptake of all the macro and micronutrients analyzed in the plant tissues, indicating concentrations and uptake of some nutrients increased while others decreased with increasing P levels. Hence, there was an antagonistic as well as synergetic effect of P on uptake of nutrients. However, uptake of all the macro and micronutrients increased with increasing P levels, indicating increase in dry weight of crop species with increasing P levels. Overall, nutrient concentration and uptake in the top of crop species were in the order of nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > Mg > sulfur (S) > P for macronutrients and iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu) for micronutrients. Interspecific differences in shoot and root growth and nutrient uptake were observed at varying soil P levels