Investigating seed mineral composition in Korean landrace maize(Zea mays L.) and its kernel texture specificity

Mineral malnutrition affects billions of people all over the world and biofortification of staple crops provides a potential way to alleviate dietary mineral deficiencies. For example, nutritional quality is an important breeding target for fresh waxy maize(Zea mays L.), which is widely consumed in Asian countries. Successful improvement of mineral composition will require comprehensive profiling of the mineral composition of maize varieties and an understanding of the capacity for maize grains to accumulate minerals. Here, using inductively coupled plasma absorption emission spectrometry, we quantified 12 minerals from the seeds of 47 maize varieties, including 25 Korean landraces. We also compared the mineral contents in varieties with different seed starch profiles: waxy maize(which contains 100% amylopectin), dent maize(roughly 75% amylopectin and 25% amylose), and flint maize(similar to dent maize). The amounts of potassium, phosphorus, and sulfur were correlated with seed texture, waxy maize having higher amounts of phosphorus and potassium than dent maize and lower amounts of sulfur than flint maize or dent maize. In addition, a positive relationship was detected between the amount of phosphorus and that of potassium, magnesium, and manganese. These results provide information on maize seed mineral composition and indicate that it could be affected by starch composition. Furthermore, the landraces that exhibit high mineral contents could be used as germplasm materials for breeding programs aimed at producing biofortified maize cultivars.     

微量元素肥料对紫花苜蓿草产量的影响

采用完全试验设计研究硼、钼、锌对紫花苜蓿草产量和植株高度的影响．结果表明,微量元素硼、钼、锌单独施用可以显著提高苜蓿干草产量和植株高度,其配合施用存在互作,其中钼和硼为正互作,可以显著提高苜蓿干草产量和植株高度;苜蓿植株高度和干草产量存在显著的正相关（r=0．8792）,即苜蓿干草产量的提高可以通过植株高度的增加来实现．     

Perinatal maternal feeding with an energy dense diet and/or micronutrient mixture drives offspring fat distribution depending on the sex and growth stage

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation influences offspring development and health. Novel studies have described the effects on next generation obesity‐related features depending on maternal macro‐ and micro‐nutrient perinatal feeding. We hypothesized that the maternal obesogenic diet during pregnancy and lactation programs an obese phenotype, while maternal micronutrient supplementation at these stages could partially prevent these features. Thus, the aim was to assess the influence of a perinatal maternal feeding with an obesogenic diet enriched in fat and sucrose and a micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on offspring growth and obese phenotypical features during life course. Female Wistar rats were assigned to four dietary groups during pregnancy and lactation: control, control supplemented with micronutrients (choline, betaine, folic acid and vitamin B₁₂), high‐fat sucrose (HFS) and HFS supplemented. At weaning, the offspring were transferred to a chow diet, and weight and fat mass were measured at weeks 3, 12 and 20. At birth, both male and female offspring from mothers fed the obesogenic diet showed lower body weight (?5 and ?6%, respectively), while only female offspring weight decreased by maternal micronutrient supplementation (?5%). During lactation, maternal HFS diet was associated with increased body weight, while micronutrient supplementation protected against body weight gain. Whole body fat mass content increased at weeks 3, 12 and 20 (from 16 to 65%) due to maternal HFS diet. Maternal micronutrient supplementation decreased offspring fat mass content at week 3 (?8%). Male offspring showed higher adiposity than females at weeks 12 and 20. In conclusion, maternal HFS feeding during pregnancy and lactation was associated with a low offspring weight at birth and obese phenotypical features during adult life in a sex‐ and time‐dependent manner. Furthermore, maternal methyl donor supplementation protected against body weight gain in male offspring during lactation and in female offspring also during juvenile period.     

Effect of Zn binding to phytate and humic substances on its uptake by wheat (Triticum durum L.) as affected by carbonates and Fe oxides

Although complexation with soil organic matter may improve zinc (Zn) bioavailability to plants, the effect of Zn sorbent surface on the use of complexed Zn by plants remains unknown. The objective of this research was to elucidate how Zn complexation with humic substances (HS) and phytate affects the uptake of Zn by wheat plants depending on the main sorbent surface in growth media, i.e., carbonates and Fe oxides. To this end, two pot experiments were performed, one using Fe oxide-coated siliceous as the siliceous growth medium sand and the other using a mixture of calcareous sand and siliceous sand as the calcareous growth medium. Each experiment involved three Zn sources, Zn-HS complex, Zn phytate, and ZnSO₄. All sources were applied with surface irrigation at two Zn rates (0.25 and 2 mg kg^-1 growth medium). The Zn-HS complex significantly increased Zn uptake by plants in both media, relative to the other two Zn sources, but no significant difference was observed between Zn phytate and ZnSO₄. In the calcareous medium, Zn-HS complex and Zn phytate resulted in significantly higher dry biomass yields of wheat than ZnSO₄. In the siliceous medium, spike and shoot dry biomass yields with Zn-HS complex at the low rate and Zn phytate at both rates were not significantly different from those with ZnSO₄ at the high rate. After harvest, approximately 50% of the Zn applied as Zn-HS complex remained extractable by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), while this proportion was less than 20% for the other Zn sources. Thus, Zn-HS complex and Zn phytate are sources of available Zn for plants, and they are more effective than ZnSO₄ in increasing plant growth, particularly when carbonates are the main Zn sorbent surface.     

切花菊营养与肥料高效利用技术研究进展

为解决切花菊设施栽培中施肥过量导致可吸收利用的养分较少且品质不佳的问题,综述切花菊的需肥规律、营养调控研究进展,以及大量营养元素、微量元素、提高化肥利用效率的技术对切花菊生长发育的影响。总结出不同切花菊品种在同一生育期或同一器官的养分需求规律相同,但是针对不同栽培基质、土壤或环境,最适需肥配比、需肥量需要调整。按需施肥和配套技术对于改善土壤结构和切花菊品质有重要作用。笔者认为需将科研与生产紧密结合,深入研究养分高效吸收利用的机理及技术;加快形成适用于不同区域的标准施肥体系,以推进切花菊生产向专业化、规模化和集约化发展。     

土壤微量元素含量及其影响因素的研究

论述了临沂市土壤中硼、锌、锰、铜、铁等5种主要微量元素的状况与其它因素的关系。有效硼含量0.09~3.67 mg/kg,平均0.35 mg/kg;有效锰22~572 mg/kg,平均244 mg/kg;有效锌0.15~4.02 mg/kg,平均0.53 mg/kg;有效铜0.09~5.78 mg/kg,,平均1.03 mg/kg;有效铁3.2~162 mg/kg,平均21.5 mg/kg;有效锰2.0~131.4 mg/kg,平均23.4 mg/kg。不同土壤类型的以上5种微量元素有明显差异,其特征是砂姜黑土缺锌,棕壤、水稻土富含铁、铜、锰、锌;成土母质是影响土壤微量元素的重要因素之一,发育在基性岩上的土壤一般含量较高,而由红土母质发育的土壤则含量较低。土壤有机质含量与土壤微量元素有明显正相关关系,其中速效锌、速效硼和速效铜与有机质的关系尤为显著。     

施用配方微肥对杂交水稻制种种子裂颖率的影响

设计施用配方微肥和习惯施肥2个处理,调查施用配方微肥对杂交水稻制种种子裂颖率的影响。结果表明：施用配方微肥比习惯施肥水稻种子糙米粒率降低75%,裂颖率降低35.1%,种子发芽率提高8.9%,可提高经济效益,扩大示范。     

Factors affecting the concentration of Zn,Fe and Mn in herbage from organic farms and in relation to dietary requirements of ruminants

To obtain a general picture of the herbage zinc, iron and manganese concentrations and their relation to dietary requirements of ruminants on organic farms, we analysed soil and herbage samples from four regions in Norway. The soil median Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations were 0.18, 13 and 0.84 mg/L, respectively. The herbage median (10th–90th percentile) Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations (mg/kg) in herbage in the first cut were 19 (14–34), 50 (36–88), 34 (22–86) and in the second cut 21 (16–37), 84 (52–171) and 66 (36–205), respectively. The results of mixed model analysis of herbage Zn, Fe and Mn indicate that soil pH, soil texture, soil mineral concentration and botanical composition are the most influencing factors. We conclude that Zn, Fe and Mn did not limit plant growth, and that the herbage concentrations, except for Zn, were sufficient to meet the dietary needs of ruminants on organic dairy farms.     

微肥对尖叶菠菜硝酸盐积累的拮抗效应研究

研究了微肥对尖叶菠菜硝酸盐积累的拮抗效应,结果表明:微肥配合尿素施用与单施尿素相比,尖叶菠菜的生物量最多可增加25.77%;硝酸盐含量最多可减少29.74%;硝酸还原酶活性最多可提高28.27%.     

西藏“一江两河”地区洪积土有效微量元素的有效性研究

对西藏“一江两河”地区洪积土微量元素的有效性研究表明，该地区洪积土不缺Ｃｕ，但部分洪积土有效Ｚｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｍｎ不足，影响洪积土有效微量元素含量的因子依次是土壤酸碱度，有机质，ＣＥＣ和ＣａＣＯ３，质地的影响最小，酸碱度和ＣａＣＯ３为负效应，有机质和ＣＥＣ为正效应。