黏土对沙地土壤改良效果的微形态研究——以内蒙古科尔沁沙地为例

为了研究施加黏土后的沙地土壤微形态特征,说明其改良效果,对内蒙古科尔沁沙地土壤切片进行观察,并利用土壤切片图像处理分析系统和Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件进行处理和分析,提取基质、孔隙和粗骨颗粒等和土壤肥力状况相关的定量化数据进行分析及定性分析,结果表明:施加黏土后,出现了块状微结构和雏形团聚体;从基质比、毛管孔隙占比方面来说,底施处理效果更好,基质比在C2(3×10~5 kg/hm~2)处理水平比对照组提高了8.8%,毛管孔隙占比在C3(6×10~5kg/hm~2)处理水平提高了15%;就总孔隙百分比、粗骨颗粒磨圆度、粉粒百分比、粗骨颗粒平均粒径来说,表施处理效果比较好,C1(1.5×10~5 kg/hm~2)、C2(3×10~5 kg/hm~2)处理水平均有显著改善。结论:1)施加黏土后,沙地土壤结构与原始沙地的粒状微结构相比有一定的改善;2)短期底施处理下,C1和C2处理单元的基质比有所提高,毛管孔隙占比随着黏土施加量的增加而提高;粗骨颗粒特征方面,表施处理效果比底施效果要好;3)短期改良情况下,沙地土壤微结构并没有太大的变化,还是以粗骨颗粒为主,但改良后出现一些雏形团聚体,各量化指标均有不同程度的提高。     

北京妙峰山优质玫瑰生产基地的土壤微形态特征

通过对北京妙峰山优质玫瑰生产基地土壤薄片的观察,利用土壤切片图像处理分析系统和image-pro plus 6.0等软件对图像进行处理和分析,从土壤微结构、有机物质、粗骨颗粒和孔隙等方面进行定性和定量研究,并选择北京凤凰岭林地土壤剖面进行对比分析。结果表明:土壤微形态特征主要受下伏基岩岩性和地质构造的影响;与凤凰岭剖面相比,北京妙峰山玫瑰生产基地的土壤结构发育良好,以黏结型基质和中度分离亚棱角块状微结构为主;妙峰山剖面有机物质来源丰富,其各个土层的有机物质频率均高于凤凰岭剖面,生物活动剧烈;妙峰山剖面土壤的粗骨颗粒平均粒径较小,在17μm以下,磨圆程度较高;妙峰山剖面各个土层总孔隙百分比虽然小于凤凰岭剖面的对应土层,但堆叠型孔隙较多,孔隙间相互连通性好,土层储水保水效果更好,有利于妙峰山玫瑰独特品质的形成。     

渭北旱塬区典型农业耕作土壤微形态分形研究

利用分形几何的方法,对渭北旱塬典型旱作农业土壤微形态的分形特征进行了研究.在对土壤薄片详细观察的基础上,以土壤微形态数字图像为基础,利用SISC IAS V8.0 软件提取了土壤孔隙与粗颗粒的有关参数,并用计盒维数法计算了其分形维数.结果表明,土壤孔隙分形维数与孔隙率、孔隙面积和周长呈现较好的相关性(依次为0.778 74,0.685 58,0.814 87),粗颗粒分形维数与粗颗粒的含量、面积和周长也呈现较好的相关性(相关系数依次为0.984 18,0.984 06,0.930 10).说明了利用土壤微形态获得的土壤分形维数能够反映土壤结构的空间分布和变异规律,也反映了农业耕作活动对土壤的影响.     

7种委陵菜属植物叶表皮微形态的研究

摘要: 利用光学显微镜对沈阳地区7种委陵菜属Potentilla植物的叶表皮微形态进行研究,结果表明：7种委陵菜上、下叶表皮细胞垂周壁上均有不同程度的波浪状增厚,使表皮细胞间的结合更加紧密,增强了叶的抗逆性和机械支撑能力,根据表皮细胞形状可将叶表皮微形态分为3种类型：1)多边形：蔓委陵菜P. flagella、莓叶委陵菜P. fragarioides、翻白委陵菜P.discolor、伏委陵菜P.paradoxa和三叶委陵菜P.freyniana的上表皮;2)近多边形：羽叶委陵菜P.multicaulis、蛇含委陵菜P.kalinin的上表皮和莓叶委陵菜、伏委陵菜的下表皮;3)不规则形：蔓委陵菜、翻白委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜和三叶委陵菜的下表皮。7种委陵菜气孔器分布特点：莓叶委陵菜、翻白委陵菜、伏委陵菜和三叶委陵菜的上表皮无气孔器分布;蔓委陵菜上表皮的气孔器零星分布;羽叶委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜的上表皮和蔓委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜、莓叶委陵菜、翻白委陵菜、伏委陵菜和三叶委陵菜的下表皮均有气孔器分布。在7种委陵菜的下表皮中莓叶委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜和翻白委陵菜的气孔指数相对较大,蔓委陵菜、伏委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜和三叶委陵菜气孔指数相对较小,蔓委陵菜、羽叶委陵菜和蛇含委陵菜的上表皮气孔指数明显小于其下表皮。通过对7种委陵菜气孔指数的比较研究表明,蔓委陵菜、伏委陵菜、蛇含委陵菜和三叶委陵菜具有很强的抗旱能力。     

蚕茧草的繁殖生物学研究

首次详细报道了蚕茧草的异型花柱现象,研究表明,除了其雄蕊、柱头高度有二型性外,其花瓣大小、柱头形态、花粉粒大小、数量和种子质量也表现出明显的二态性。与短柱花相比,长柱花有较大的花瓣,其柱头有稀而高的柱头突起,其花药产生较多而直径较小的花粉粒。扫描电镜显示,长、短柱花的种子均卵形,无喙突,具有拟脑状纹饰;长、短柱花的花粉均为球形,具散孔,孔近圆形,边缘不规则,通过其花粉和种子微形态的观察,可将其划分为春蓼组。野外调查发现蚂蚁常常是其访花者。通过对其野生居群的型比调查发现在野外蚕茧草往往为单型居群,并通过对不同居群座果率的统计发现长柱花的结实率较大。根据其繁育系统特征,对其传粉适应方式进行了探讨。     

Diaspore characteristics and ecological adaptation of Bromus tectorum L. from different distribution regions

The invasion of nonnative plants is considered one of the main threats to the structure and function of North American ecosystems.Moreover,they can alter ecosystem processes and reduce biodiversity.In arid and semi-arid region of North America,the species of European annual grass Bromus tectorum L.is an outstanding example of these problems,which not only increase the fire density and change the fire regime,but replace native communities.Therefore,there are amount of researches on B.tectorum,including resource acquisition,water use efficiency and growth.Whereas the relevant research on the morphology of diaspore is scare.Diaspores have a fundamental role in seed germination and seedling establishment.Besides,as an important link between different generations,diaspores have a vital significance on individual reproduction and population extension.Hence,diaspores under selection for studying have an important implication.This study compares differences in seed morphology for Bromus tectorum collected from the United States,Kazakhstan,and Xinjiang of China.The following indices of B.tectorum diaspores were analyzed:size,thickness of covering layers,and micromorphological characteristics of the base,middle and transition area of diaspores as well as of the awn.Micromorphology of the lemma and the cross-section of the diaspore were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Results showed that thickness of the lemma and the palea of diaspores from B.tectorum-infested grasslands in the United States were reduced(P<0.05),likely because of environmental influences.This reduction facilitated the germination of diaspores and lowered the resistance of B.tectorum to adverse environmental conditions.The length of the awn also increased significantly(P<0.05),which helped in dispersal and anchoring of diaspores.Therefore,B.tectorum adapted ecologically to its new environment in the United States by strengthening its establishment ability.However,the defense capability of B.tectorum decreased.These results fit the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis(EICA)of invasive species.Analysis of various cells on the lemma revealed that prickle densities and collapsed,long epidermal cells were easily influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and moisture because of the physiologic function of these structures on silicon accumulation.However,the form and the position of silica cells,which were not greatly influenced by environmental factors,might be genetically controlled.Studying these structures at the microscopic level helps define the relationship between the diaspore and its environment.This study has a reference value for future studies on B.tectorum.     

凤仙花属总状花序组的种皮微形态观察研究

应用扫描电镜技术对凤仙花属（Impatiens）总状花序组（sect. Racemosae Hook. f. et Thomson）23种植物的种子进行了观察研究。结果表明：总状花序组植物的种子为椭圆体形、倒卵形和狭卵形;长宽比多在1.4 ~ 2.3;种皮表面具网状纹饰和指状隆起两种类型,指状隆起又可分为排列疏松和紧密两类。该组的种皮微形态与宏观形态性状相关性较小,但网眼内是否有颗粒物、指状隆起的排列密度、隆起物上是否有颗粒状附属物或凹陷小孔等特征具有种水平上的稳定性和特异性,对该组植物的种间界定具有重要的意义。     

Micromorphological Features of Old Cultivated and Modern Soils in Guanzhong Areas, Shaanxi Province, China

Using the data obtained from the LGT soil profile, this article attempts to illustrate the process of modem soil formation in the Guanzhong areas and its micromorphological features. The micromorphology is observed under a petrographic microscope, and its image is quantitatively measured by LEICAL Qwin 2.6 software. Micromorphological observations of the thin sections show that the assemblage of minerals in different horizons is very similar, which is mainly composed of Q and P1. However, there are obvious differences in C/F15μm ratio, mineral content, and coarse features. The pedofeatures is mainly composed of clay, calcite, and amorphous Fe. Ap horizon is characterized by abundant needleshaped secondary calcite, secondary clay, and earthworm fecal pellet. BC horizon is characterized by a large quantity of secondary calcite with various shapes. Bt1and Bt2 horizons are characterized by abundant clay hypocoatings and a small quantity of secondary calcite. All the results of this research suggest that Earth-cumulic Orthic Anthrosols consist of both the upper Ap horizon, which cause loessal dung and eolian dust deposition, and cultivation occurs simultaneously during the process of Ap horizon-formation, and the lower BC horizon, which is aeolian sedimentary at the time of relative aridity during late Holocene.     

桑粉虱卵、幼虫、蛹的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜观察和描述了桑粉虱卵、幼虫及蛹的超微形态和各龄幼虫管状孔的微细结构     

Soil micromorphological and physical properties after application of composts with polyethylene and biocomponent-derived polymers added during composting

Composts are considered to be one of the best soil amendments. However, the effects of composts with added polymeric materials on soil physical,hydraulic, and micromorphological properties have not been widely discussed. Changes in soil physical properties influence the numerous services that soils provide. We studied the impacts of composts with the addition of three different polymers(F1–F3) produced from polyethylene and thermoplastic corn starch on the physical, hydraulic, and micromorphological properties of two soils, a Cambic Phaeozem and a Luvic Phaeozem. Applying composts with polymers had limited or no significant effect on soil bulk density and porosity, but increased the field water capacity by 18%–82% and 3%–6% and the plant-available water content by 15%–23% and 4%–17% for the Cambic Phaeozem and Luvic Phaeozem, respectively. The application of composts with polymers had a greater effect on the Cambic Phaeozem than on the Luvic Phaeozem. It was suggested that the use of modified composts led to changes in soil physical properties and micromorphological features and this effect was dependent on the compost application rate. Composts made with the addition of composite synthetic and natural material-derived polymers during composting were found to be a composite mixture that can be successfully used in agriculture.