中药复方对早期断奶仔猪肠道微生态的影响

为了研究日粮中添加中药复方对早期断奶仔猪肠道微生态的影响,选择21日龄断奶仔猪60头,随机分为3组,每组20头,单栏饲养,分别饲喂基础日粮 0.2%中药复方、基础日粮 0.02%粘杆菌素和基础日粮。于试验开始后第7 d、14 d和28 d每个处理随机取5头,处死后无菌采集空肠、回肠和盲肠内容物,利用平板计数法测定各肠段大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量,采用PCR-DGGE技术分析肠道微生物区系的变化。结果表明,中药复方能显著增加早期断奶仔猪肠道内容物中乳酸杆菌数量、降低大肠杆菌数量(P<0.05);随着断奶后中药复方日粮饲喂时间的延长,DGGE图谱泳带数量增加,说明中药复方显著增加了仔猪肠道微生态的多样性(P<0.05)。上述结果提示,该中药复方可促进肠道有益菌、抑制病原菌的增殖,增加早期断奶仔猪肠道微生态的多样性,有效提高肠道健康。     

甘肃河西走廊产区酿酒葡萄附生微生物区系分析

以甘肃河西走廊具有代表性的3个产地(武威、张掖、嘉峪关)的4个品种(‘赤霞珠’‘品丽珠’‘蛇龙珠’‘黑比诺’)成熟期酿酒葡萄为研究对象,通过对葡萄浆果表面附生微生物的筛查、分离纯化与鉴定,分析葡萄附生微生物区系组成及其种群.结果显示:河西走廊产区酿酒葡萄附生菌相由11株细菌、10株酵母和14株霉菌组成.3个产地成熟期酿酒葡萄附生酵母菌的数量最大,达104~106cfu/g,附生细菌数量为104~105cfu/g,附生霉菌的数量为102~104cfu/g.酵母、霉菌、细菌数量受地域因素影响显著,但受葡萄品种因素影响不显著,且分离鉴定出灰葡萄孢霉(Botrytis cinerea)、交链孢霉(Alternaria alternata)和青霉属(Penicilliumspp.)等主要病害菌.研究结果可为原料采收后的前处理阶段开展有害微生物控制及评价原料耐贮性提供理论依据,并为酿造葡萄酒优良菌株选育提供种质资源.     

中草药泰山磐石散加减方对小鼠肠道微生物菌群的影响

为了解中草药泰山磐石散加减方对小鼠肠道微生物菌群的影响,本试验选取45只SPF级昆明小鼠,分为对照A组、试验B组和试验C组。试验B组和C组小鼠分别用0.86 g/mL的中草药泰山磐石散方灌胃0.3和0.4 mL,对照A组灌胃蒸馏水0.4 mL,每天灌胃2次,间隔8 h,连续7 d。第8天采集对照组和试验组小鼠直肠部位粪便样品,从每份样品中提取微生物基因组总DNA,采用Illumina HiSeq测序技术检测样品微生物群落多样性。结果显示,中草药泰山磐石散对小鼠粪便中微生物α多样性指数（Chao1和Shannon）呈波动性变化,试验B和C组与对照A组的Chao1指数差异极显著（P<0.01）;通过检测小鼠对照组与试验组粪便中的微生物,在门水平上,有9大优势菌门,其中与对照A组相比,试验组肠道微生物Proteobacteria、Verrucomicrobia丰度显著降低（P<0.05）;而Saccharibacteria、Tenericutes丰度显著或极显著增加（P<0.05;P<0.01）;在科水平上,有19大优势菌科,其中与对照组相比,试验组肠道微生物Lactobacillaceae、Desulfovibrionaceae、Coriobacteriaceae、Porphyromonadaceae、Family_XIII和Bifidobacteriaceae丰度显著降低（P<0.05）;在属水平上,有18大优势菌属,其中与对照A组相比,试验B、C组肠道微生物Lactobacillus、Desulfovibrio和Enterorhabdus丰度显著降低（P<0.05）,而试验C组的肠道微生物Alloprevotella、Bacteroides、Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006和Faecalibaculum丰度显著增加（P<0.05）。本试验中草药泰山磐石散加减方能够有选择性的促进小鼠肠道内Bacteroidetes的生长,从而抑制Proteobacteria有害菌的生长,增强糖和脂肪代谢,最终通过改善肠道微生物多样性的结构,使整个肠道微生物多样性达到一个新的平衡。     

肉牛粪便正常菌群研究

研究采用微生态学检测方法,对健康牛粪便中的正常菌群进行了定性,定量分析。结果证明;健康牛消化道中的类杆菌,双歧杆菌,乳杆菌,消化球菌为优势菌群,而肠杆菌,梭杆菌,优杆菌含量则较少。     

酵母硒对氧化应激肉鸡盲肠菌群的影响

选取80只3月龄康乐黄鸡,随机均分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复4只。对照组(CON组)和应激组(STR组)饲喂基础饲粮,酵母硒组(SY组)和酵母硒+应激组(SY＿STR组)饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.5 mg/kg酵母硒的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期21 d。试验第21天时,给STR组和SY＿STR组肉鸡腹腔注射15 mg/kg敌草快,CON组和SY组注射等量生理盐水,24 h后,每个重复选取1只鸡,采集盲肠内容物样品,用于肠道菌群分析,研究酵母硒对氧化应激肉鸡盲肠微生物多样性、菌群结构及物种丰度的影响。结果表明：盲肠菌群α多样性指数在各组间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);β多样性分析显示,与CON组和SY＿STR组相比,STR组盲肠菌群结构分布相对零散,物种相似度较低;与CON组相比,STR组厚壁菌门与拟杆菌门相对丰度之比(F/B)、肠球菌属和埃希氏菌属–志贺氏菌属相对丰度显著(P<0.05)升高,毛螺旋菌属和嗜胆菌属相对丰度显著(P<0.05)降低;与STR组相比,SY＿STR组和SY组拟杆菌门相对丰度显著(P<0.05)升高,F/B、厚壁菌门、Mon...     

虾肝肠胞虫感染对脊尾白虾肠道菌群的影响

为探究虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, EHP)感染对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)肠道菌群的影响,本研究基于16S rRNA基因的测序结果,对感染EHP的脊尾白虾肠道菌群进行了分析。结果显示,感染虾与健康虾肠道菌群差异较大,且其肠道菌群结构多样性显著低于健康虾。研究发现,病虾中归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的脱硫弧菌科(Desulfovibrionaceae)、弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)、未分类蓝细菌科(unidentified Cyanobacteria)、支原体科(Mycoplasmataceae)和未分类α变形菌科(unidentified Alphaproteobacteria)为优势菌,而归属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、双歧杆菌科(Bifidobacteriaceae)、芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)及噬几丁质杆菌科(Chitinophagaceae)细菌在健康虾中占据优势地位。EHP侵蚀导致感染虾肠道内潜在致病菌显著增加(P<0.05),增加了其他疾病的易感性。此外,通过Tax4Fun功能预测,发现感染虾肠道菌群主要用于新陈代谢,从而抵抗EHP侵染,维持机体正常功能;健康虾肠道菌群则多用于个体生长与环境信息处理,进而保证生长与存活。本研究从虾肠道菌群结构方面入手,进一步探究了EHP感染对脊尾白虾肠道菌群的影响,以期为EHP的防治提供帮助。     

Growth,body composition,intestinal enzyme activities and microflora of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of dietary phosphorus

A 9‐week feeding trial was carried out with juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) to study the effects of dietary phosphorus on growth, body composition, intestinal enzyme activities and microflora. Quadruple groups of juvenile Jian carp (7.17 ± 0.01 g) were fed practical diets containing available phosphorus 1.7 (unsupplemented control), 3.6, 5.5, 7.3, 9.2 and 11.0 g kg^?1 diet to satiation. Feed intake, specific growth ratio and feed efficiency were the lowest in fish fed the basal diet (P < 0.05). Body moisture, protein, lipid content and ash were all significantly affected by dietary available phosphorus levels (P < 0.05). Activities of trypsin, amylase, Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, alkaline phosphatase and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase were improved with increasing dietary phosphorus levels. Intestinal Aeromonas and Escherichia coli decreased with increasing dietary phosphorus up to 3.6 and 5.5 g kg^?1 diet respectively (P < 0.05), while Lactobacillus increased with the increasing dietary phosphorus up to 9.2 g kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). These results suggested that phosphorus could enhance intestinal enzyme activities of juvenile Jian carp and the minimum dietary available phosphorus requirement for SGR of juvenile Jian carp (7.2–63.8 g) was 5.2 g kg^?1 diet.     

饲料中补充蜡样芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长及其肠道微生物组成的影响

为了研究外源补充蜡样芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾生长及对其肠道微生物组成的影响,以基础饲料为空白组,在基础饲料中添加蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌作为实验组(活菌含量为108 CFU/g),每组4个平行,在养殖场对凡纳滨对虾自幼苗至成虾进行一个完整养殖周期的养殖实验。选取养殖场中8个光照、位置等条件基本相同的养殖池分为2组,空白组投喂基础饲料,实验组投喂免疫饲料,养殖周期95 d。期间在第45、52、59、66、73天采样,称重并计算生长速率,并取其肠道内容物提取DNA,用16S r DNA序列V4区高通量测序方法检测对虾肠道内微生物群落的结构及变化情况。结果显示:(1)投喂免疫饲料的实验组对虾生长速度比空白组平均快15.2%。(2)健康的凡纳滨对虾肠道微生物以变形菌门和拟杆菌门含量高,厚壁菌门、疣微菌门、浮霉菌门、放线菌门含量较低。(3)空白组变形菌门平均含量(68.30%),明显高于实验组平均含量(57.94%);空白组拟杆菌门平均含量(23.58%)明显低于实验组平均含量(30.06%)。(4)变形菌门中以弧菌属、Anaerospora、小红卵菌属为主,空白组弧菌属平均占总含量的5.40%,实验组平均占总含量的1.94%;拟杆菌门中以异养硝化菌属、粘着杆菌属为主,实验组异养硝化菌属平均占总含量的8.12%,空白组平均占含量的5.56%。研究表明,饲料中添加蜡样芽胞杆菌投喂凡纳滨对虾后可改变对虾肠道的微生物组成,提高对虾生长速度。     

Use of probiotic bacteria in the rearing of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) larvae

Three candidate probiotics, which had shown antimicrobial activity in vitro against two fish pathogens, were used in the rearing of Senegalese sole larvae and postlarvae. These probiotics improved the survival of starved sole yolk‐sac larvae. A feeding experiment of sole larvae and postlarvae comprised three treatments: A, B and C. Cultures of a Vibrio sp. (2J18) were added to treatment A, whereas a gram‐positive (J84) and a Shewanella sp. strain (2J27), were added to treatment B, while in a control treatment C no bacteria were added. Addition of bacteria in treatment B increased survival of larvae in the first phase of the experiment [0–20 days after hatching (DAH) (P<0.05)] and decreased the numbers of colony‐forming units (CFU) in larval gut 5 DAH compared with the control treatment (P<0.05). No differences were observed in survival (25–47%) during the second phase of the experiment (20–60 DAH). Nevertheless, the total numbers of CFU in fish gut 40 DAH were significantly lower in treatment B (P<0.05). The colonization rates of the added bacteria were the highest 5 and 11 DAH, and the highest average values reached were 65%, 82% and 17% of the total CFU count for the strains 2J18, 2J27 and J84 respectively.     

强还原土壤对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制及微生物区系的影响

强还原土壤灭菌(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种抑制土传病原菌的高效和环保的方法。本试验通过荧光定量PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳研究RSD对土壤尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)及微生物区系的影响。结果表明:处理15天后,较对照(CK)相比,除添加氨水处理(NH3)土壤p H上升外,以苜蓿粉和乙醇为有机碳源的RSD(Al-RSD和Et-RSD)处理土壤p H分别降低了0.54和1.16;NH3、Al-RSD和Et-RSD处理将尖孢镰刀菌数量分别降低了74%、98%和93%;Al-RSD显著增加了细菌的数量和多样性,Al-RSD和Et-RSD处理显著降低了土壤中真菌的数量,但增加了真菌的多样性。结果表明RSD与氨气熏蒸相比对于土壤微生物区系的改善具有更好的作用。