半纯合日粮添加茶多酚和果寡糖对母肉鸡生产性能、盲肠菌丛数量及其代谢产物的影响

研究了半纯合日粮分别添加 0 .4 %的茶多酚 (TP)和果寡糖 (FOS)对 2 8～ 4 2日龄母肉鸡的生产性能等的影响。结果为 ,添加TP和FOS比对照显著降低了死亡率、腹腔脂肪重量和腹腔脂肪率 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并且TP对腹腔脂肪的抑制效果比FOS大 (P <0 0 5 ) ;添加TP显著降低了盲肠菌群的总数、各菌群的数量以及细菌代谢产物的总量(P <0 0 5 ) ;添加FOS不影响盲肠菌群的总数 ,但选择性地显著增加了双歧杆菌 (Bifidobacteri)和真细菌 (Eubacteria)群、降低了其他菌群的数量以及酚类和吲哚的含量 (P <0 0 5 )。试验认为 ,茶多酚和果寡糖具有降低死亡率和腹腔脂肪沉积以及改变盲肠菌群的效果 ,茶多酚表现的是类抗菌素效果 ,即 ,非选择性地降低所有菌群的数量及其代谢产物含量 ,而果寡糖的效果是选择性地增加有益细菌、降低盲肠内挥发性脂肪酸以外的代谢产物的含量     

黄曲霉毒素B1、赭曲霉毒素A和玉米赤霉烯酮联合对奶山羊肠道微生物的影响

为研究黄曲霉毒素B₁（AFB₁）、赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）和玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）联合对奶山羊肠道微生物组成及多样性的影响,本研究选取体况相近的健康崂山奶山羊20头,分为5组,每组4头,A组为对照组,饲喂不添加毒素的基础日粮;B、C、D、E组分别在日粮中添加50 μg/kg AFB₁+500 μg/kg ZEN、50 μg/kg AFB₁+100 μg/kg OTA、50 μg/kg AFB₁及50 μg/kg AFB₁+100 μg/kg OTA+500 μg/kg ZEN。预试期7 d,正试期14 d。在试验期第11天采集粪便样品,利用基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取粪便总DNA,对总DNA进行16S rRNA扩增,构建奶山羊肠道微生物16S rRNA基因克隆文库并进行数据分析。经稀释曲线和多样性指数分析显示,单一AFB₁或与其他毒素联合处理后奶山羊肠道微生物多样性有降低趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）,而奶山羊肠道菌群总数在AFB₁与其他毒素的联合处理后显著降低（P<0.05）。对获得的OTUs代表序列进行物种注释后发现,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、软壁菌门（Tenericutes）为山羊肠道中主要的细菌类群;经LEfSe分析显示,AFB₁、OTA和ZEN 3种毒素的联合作用可显著增加琥珀酸弧菌科（Succinivibrionaceae）、考拉杆菌属（Phascolarctobacterium）和气单胞菌科（Aeromonadales）丰度。而未处理组的霍尔德曼氏菌（Holdemania）和BF311拟杆菌的丰度显著高于其他组（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,AFB₁、ZEN和OTA联合能影响山羊肠道微生物区系结构,且影响程度依次为：AFB₁+OTA+ZEN > AFB₁+OTA > AFB₁+ZEN > AFB₁。     

Evaluating two multistrain probiotics on growth performance,intestinal morphology,lipid oxidation and ileal microflora in chickens

An experiment was conducted to investigate the supplementation of two commercially available multistrain probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics on growth performance, intestinal morphology, lipid oxidation and ileal microflora in broiler chickens. A total of 280‐day‐old ROSS 308 mixed‐sex broiler chickens with an average initial body weight of 42 ± 0.5 g were randomly divided into four treatments with five replicate cages of 14 birds each cage in a completely randomized design and fed with the following diets for 42 day: (a) control (CON) (antibiotic‐free diet), (b) antibiotic (ANT) (CON + Avilamycin 150 g/ton feed), (c) probiotic A (CON + Protexin^® 150 g/ton feed) and (d) probiotic B (CON + Bio‐Poul^® 200 g/ton feed). The results showed the broilers fed the ANT diet had greater average daily gain than broilers fed the CON diet during day 1–14 (p < 0.05). At day 42, two birds were randomly selected per replicate for evaluation intestinal morphology, lipid oxidation and ileal microflora. birds fed diet supplemented with probiotic A and probiotic B increased villus height and goblet cells numbers in the jejunum and villus height to crypt depth ratio and villus height in the ileum as compared to birds fed CON diet (p < 0.05). The malondialdehyde value was reduced (p < 0.05) in the ANT, probiotic B and probiotic A groups compared with the CON group. The Lactobacillus population was increased and Clostridium spp. population decreased in the ileum of broilers fed diets containing the probiotic B and probiotic A compared with those fed CON diet (p < 0.05). The results from this study indicate that the probiotic A (Protexin^®) and probiotic B (Bio‐Poul^®) used in this trial may serve as alternatives to ANT.     

马属动物肠道微生物的研究进展

马属动物肠道中的微生物对其消化具有重要的作用,尤其是盲肠中的微生物,它的数量和种类影响机体对营养物质的消化利用,文中主要论述了马属动物肠道微生物在机体的定殖发展的过程以及各种微生物对机体的主要作用,并对粗饲料对肠道菌群的影响进行了综述。     

不同施肥及秸秆还田方式对稻田土壤微生物区系的影响

不同施肥及秸秆还田方式对土壤微生物数量及分布有很大影响。从微生物总数看,秸秆翻埋处理JH3>常规处理JH1>秸秆全层还田处理JH2;分层施肥秸秆表面覆盖处理BH3>分层施肥保护性耕作处理BH1>干混施肥保护性耕作处理BH2。秸秆还田有利于土壤微生物数量的增加,其中秸秆全层还田对于微生物总数的增加不明显,但有利于耕作层土壤中放线菌数量的增加。保护性耕作和秸秆表面覆盖只进行土壤表层耕作造成了土层的"上富下贫",保护性耕作有利于土壤0～10cm土层内微生物数量的提高。     

南疆枣树￣棉花间作对土壤微生物区系及代谢熵的影响

通过大田试验和实验室测定,研究南疆枣树-棉花间作对土壤微生物性状的影响。在阿克苏地区阿瓦提县巴格托拉克乡采集枣树￣棉花间作、纯枣林及单作棉田土样,测定比较细菌、放线菌和真菌三大类群微生物及氮素生理群菌群数量、微生物代谢熵的变化特征。结果表明,不同种植模式土壤微生物数量分布有明显差异。枣树￣棉花间作土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌和微生物总数总体呈现出显著低于单作棉田,降低幅度最大的位点在西侧冠下区(W80);较纯枣林增加,增加幅度最大的是东侧冠下区(E80)。枣树-棉花间作系统比单作棉田土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌数量有较大提高,反硝化细菌数量明显下降,氨化细菌、反硝化细菌相比纯枣林均为增加。间作系统内在枣树行的东、西两侧冠下区与近冠区及L1(0~20 cm)、L2(20~40 cm)及L3(40~60 cm)各层次土壤中的微生物数量都呈现出较大差异,具有明显的水平和垂直方向空间变异性。不同种植模式下土壤微生物代谢熵(q CO2)依次为纯枣林枣树￣棉花间作单作棉花。不同种植模式下土壤微生物Shannon多样性、均匀度指数与微生物数量具有相似的变化特性。相关性分析表明,有机碳、全氮、碱解氮含量及p H与微生物多样性呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与代谢熵则呈极显著负相关。研究结果证明,微生物群落多样性及代谢熵对间作种植模式响应灵敏,反映出枣树和棉花间作系统地下部分存在明显的竞争作用,影响土壤微生物的群落。     

地顶孢霉培养物对奶牛瘤胃发酵、微生物区系及血液生化指标影响

选择四头体重600 kg装有永久性瘤胃瘘管荷斯坦奶牛,试验分为4组,分别为基础日粮组及基础日粮+10、20和30 g地顶孢霉培养物组(干物质基础)。采用4×4拉丁方试验设计,共4期,每期15 d。日粮中添加地顶孢霉培养物可降低瘤胃液p H,提高瘤胃中NH_3-N、TVFA、乙酸和丙酸浓度并调节瘤胃部分微生物相对菌群数量,同时增加血液中血糖和球蛋白浓度,降低β-羟丁酸、非酯化脂肪酸和谷丙转氨酶浓度。地顶孢霉培养物可改善瘤胃发酵环境,维持瘤胃代谢稳定,对奶牛机体无不良影响。结果表明,30 g·头~(-1)·d~(-1)为最适添加量。     

Effect of the insecticide methidathion on agricultural soil microflora

Summary We studied the effects of the organophosphorus insecticide methidathion, at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200 and 300 g g^-1 in an agricultural soil, on fungi, total bacterial populations, aerobic N₂-fixing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria (phases I and II), and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay). The presence of 10–300 g g^-1 of methidathion significantly increased fungal populations (colony-forming units). Denitrifying bacteria, aerobic N₂-fixing bacteria and N₂ fixation were significantly increased at concentrations of 50–300 g g^-1. The total number of bacteria increased significantly at concentrations of 100–300 g g^-1. Nitrifying bacteria decreased initially at concentrations of 300 g g^-1, but recovered rapidly to levels similar to those in the control soil without the insecticide.     

Control of rice sheath blight by phyllosphere epiphytic microbial antagonists

Epiphytic microorganisms on the phyllosphere of traditional and high-yielding rice varieties were isolated from different agroecological zones of Sri Lanka and screened for theirin vitro andin vivo antagonism againstRhizoctonia solani Kühn AG-1 1A, the sheath blight pathogen of rice. Among a total of 196 bacterial and 91 fungal isolates, 12 bacterial and two fungal isolates which showed more than 50% growth inhibition ofR. solani were tested for theirin vivo antagonism. Among the 14 antagonists tested, six bacterial and one fungal isolate substantially reduced the incidence of sheath blight (by more than 82%) and severity (by more than 92%) of the rice varieties BG94-1 and IR8 grown in a pot experiment under open field conditions. Using five antagonists that showed the bestin vitro antagonism, a pot experiment was conducted to determine whether the presence of indigenous microflora on the rice sheath had any effect on the effectiveness of antagonism. Three isolates (B4, GbB5 and HMWB4) controlled sheath blight incidence and severity equally well in the presence and absence of indigenous microflora. Two isolates (BG352B1 and BG300B1) were more effective when they were introduced into the rice sheath without indigenous microflora. Among the effective antagonists determined by the pot experiment, isolates B4, B16, BG94-1B5, GbB5, HMWB4 and BG379-F2 were tested under field conditions for two consecutive growing seasons. Under field conditions, severity of rice sheath blight was significantly reduced by the application of all the tested antagonists as a spray on rice sheath at a concentration of 10⁸ cfu ml⁻¹, starting 3 days after the development of symptoms and continuing for three applications at 10-day intervals. Antagonistic performances were consistent in the two seasons under field conditions andB. megatarium A (isolate B16) andAspergillus niger (isolate BG379-F2) performed as the most effective antagonists in both seasons. When disease severity was quantified as percentage sheath area covered by the disease lesions, the respective reductions in disease severity were greater than 50% and 61% byB. megaterium A (isolate B16) andAspergillus niger (isolate BG379-F2), respectively, in both seasons. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 10, 2008.     

红壤区花生耕作方式对土壤微生物区系的影响

在大田条件下,针对江西红壤区花生在5种耕作方式下的土壤微生物区系进行了培养计数,研究了花生采用不同耕作方式对土壤微生物区系的影响。结果表明,花生的不同耕作方式对土壤微生物区系有显著的影响;与轮作方式相比,连作土壤和根际中细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌和根瘤菌数量明显较少,真菌数量明显较多。随着连作年限的增加,土壤和根际中细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌和根瘤菌数量显著减少,真菌数量显著增加。