复合中草药添加剂对芦花雏鸡生产性能、肠道菌群及脾脏IL-2 mRNA表达量的影响

试验旨在探究复合中草药添加剂对芦花雏鸡生产性能、肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响。选取1日龄健康、体重相近的芦花鸡600只(公母各半),随机分为2组,每组4个重复。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.3%复合中草药添加剂,预饲期7 d,试验期为35 d。结果表明:(1)试验组平均日增重比对照组显著提高,料重比显著降低(P<0.05);(2)试验组血清IgA和IgM水平极显著升高(P<0.01),IL-2水平无显著变化(P>0.05);(3)试验组14、28、42 d脾脏指数和胸腺指数均提高(P>0.05);(4)试验组变形菌门丰度显著低于对照组(P<0.05),厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和软壁菌门丰度均提高(P>0.05);试验组拟杆菌属和别样杆菌属丰度提高,Butyricimonas属和螺旋杆菌属丰度降低(P>0.05);(5)脾脏IL-2 mRNA表达量无显著变化(P>0.05)。综上可见,该复合中草药添加剂不仅促进了芦花雏鸡免疫器官发育,改善了肠道菌群组成,增强机体免疫功能,且提高了生产性能。     

抗菌肽对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率、肠道微生物含量及绒毛结构的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加不同水平抗菌肽替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率、肠道微生物含量及绒毛结构的影响。试验选择平均体重为(5.76±0.02)kg的21 d断奶的杜×长×大仔猪672头,根据个体大小随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复42头。试验分为1～14 d和15～28 d两个阶段,对照组饲喂基础日粮+60 mg/kg盐霉素,抗菌肽组饲喂基础日粮+0、50或100 mg/kg抗菌肽。试验进行28 d。对照组较抗菌肽组显著提高了断奶仔猪28 d体重(P <0.05),1～14 d和1～28 d日增重(P <0.05),1～14 d、15～28 d、1～28 d采食量,显著降低了1～28 d料重比(P <0.05)。随着日粮抗菌肽添加水平的升高,28 d体重、1～14 d、15～28 d及1～28 d日增重显著升高(P <0.05)。对照组较抗菌肽组显著提高了断奶仔猪14和28 d干物质、14 d粗蛋白质表观消化系数(P <0.05)。对照组较抗菌肽组显著降低了14和28 d粪中大肠杆菌含量(P <0.05),且总厌氧菌、梭菌和大肠杆菌含量随抗菌肽添加水平的升高而显著降低(P <0.05);与抗菌肽组相比,对照组显著降低了回肠总厌氧菌含量(P <0.05)。饲喂对照组日粮的断奶仔猪较抗菌肽组显著降低了空肠隐窝深度(P <0.05),显著提高了空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(P <0.05)。根据试验结果推断,日粮添加抗菌肽可以作为抗生素替代品,具有提高断奶仔猪生长性能、干物质和粗蛋白质的表观消化率、绒毛形态及降低粪中有害菌含量的作用。     

中草药复方多糖对肉鸡肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响

为探讨中草药复方多糖(CHCP)对鸡肠道菌群、新城疫(ND-HI)抗体效价及血清补体C3、C4含量的影响,试验选用200羽1日龄商品代AA雏肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组50羽,于7、28 d进行ND疫苗免疫,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组在基础日粮中分别添加200、400、600 mg/kg的CHCP,试验期为42 d。结果表明:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的鸡盲肠内双歧杆菌分别较对照组提高3.19%(P> 0.05)、9.79%、6.82%(P <0.05),乳酸杆菌分别提高8.08%(P <0.05)、17.45%、16.86%(P <0.01);Ⅱ、Ⅲ组大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量分别较对照组降低14.34%、12.15%和16.19%、16.61%(P <0.01);14 d时,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的ND-HI抗体效价与对照组相比分别提高9.80%、17.32%、13.56%(P <0.05),28、42 d时,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组效果最为显著,分别比对照组提高36.12%、25.79%和35.98%、30.18%(P <0.01);血清中补体C3、C4的含量与对照组相比均显著提高(P <0.05)。综上所述,在鸡的日粮中添加一定量的CHCP可促进有益菌的增殖,改善肉鸡肠道内环境,提高鸡的免疫功能。且以400 mg/kg和600 mg/kg的量添加效果最好,从经济角度考虑,400 mg/kg CHCP为最佳添加量。     

仔猪肠道菌群的建立与影响因素

肠道菌群生态平衡是猪营养、生理和免疫功能的基础。然而,在猪的生长发育过程中,菌群在肠道内定植和分布受到各种因素的影响,包括分娩环境、日粮成分、抗生素或其他替抗物的使用等。本文主要从仔猪肠道菌群的形成规律、影响因素和营养调控措施等方面论述了仔猪肠道菌群与仔猪肠道健康或疾病的关系,旨在为绿色健康养殖方面研究提供帮助。     

Addition of Wakame seaweed (Undaria pinnatifida) stalk to animal feed enhances immune response and improves intestinal microflora in pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of Wakame seaweed stalks on the immunity and intestinal microflora of pigs. Three separate experiments were performed: Relatively young (start at 20–30 kg; Experiments 1 and 2) and fattening period (70 kg; Experiment 3). All pigs (including the control group) were fed the same commercial feed, free from antibiotic additives, but in the feed for the treatment groups, 1% seaweed powder was added. There were no group differences observed in daily weight gain and feed intake in Experiments 1 and 2 between groups; however, daily weight gain was significantly higher in the treatment group compared to the control group in Experiment 3. The percentage of peripheral blood natural killer cells of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group in all experiments. Although addition of seaweed changed the gene expression of cytokine and toll‐like receptors of the small intestinal Peyer's patches slightly, seaweed seems to alter intestinal microflora preferentially, for instance, there was an increase in Lactobacillus and a decrease of Escherichia coli observed. These results suggest that Wakame seaweed can be used as supplement for pig feed to improve the gut health and immunity of pigs.     

头孢噻呋治疗隐性乳房炎对乳汁中主要致病菌区系的影响

采用细菌分离鉴定和高通量测序技术,比较分析了头孢噻呋治疗隐性乳房炎对乳汁中主要致病菌区系的影响。结果:经5～10 d的乳头灌注头孢噻呋治疗,有效率为68. 75%(11/16),治愈率仅为18. 75%(3/16)。无乳链球菌、酵母菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是治疗前乳汁中的主要致病菌,分别占分离菌株总数的33. 33%(6/18)、27. 78 (5/18)%和16. 67%(3/18);治疗后乳汁中主要致病菌是酵母菌,比例为58. 33%(7/12),其次是大肠杆菌(16. 67%)和其他链球菌(16. 67%)。治疗前后乳汁中主要真菌组成差异不显著,且假丝酵母属(Candida,63. 01%)、Meyerozyma属(25. 15%)和德巴利酵母属(Debaryomyces,5. 73%)是主要的3种真菌属。因此,在该奶牛场使用头孢噻呋治疗慢性隐性乳房炎效果并不理想,原因可能是抗菌治疗后真菌特别是酵母菌的大量繁殖。     

Evaluation of the effects of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) in broiler diets

Cereal grains such as maize and wheat are used extensively in feed formulations for poultry as the primary source of carbohydrates. High cost of these grains in many developing countries necessitates the evaluation of other ingredients that are grown locally. Sweet potato is one such crop. The study was conducted as a proof of concept experiment to test the hypothesis that in the presence and absence of enzyme, sweet potato roots when included in diets of broiler chickens may affect the total metabolisable energy content of the diets which may exert certain influences on dry matter digestibility of these diets as well as impacting on production and certain gut parameters. A total of 120 chicks were raised on a commercial starter feed from day 0 to 19. On day 22, the birds were individually weighed and allocated to 96 single bird metabolism cages to conduct a 7‐day classical apparent metabolisable energy (AME) assay. The test diets contained 0% and 25% sweet potato flour (SPF) with and without enzyme supplementation (Rovabio Excel AP T‐flex) and replicated 24 times. AME of the control diet with and without enzyme was 14.05 and 13.91 MJ/kg whilst the AME of the SPF diets with and without enzymes were 13.45 and 13.43 MJ/kg respectively. AME of SPF was 12.08 MJ/kg. Birds fed the SPF had significantly reduced end weights (p = .002) and weight gains (p < .001) leading to significantly higher intake (p = .004) and FCRs (p < .001) in birds. These effects in growth parameters highlight the need to balance dietary protein and total amino acids when using SPF in broiler diets and may not be a negative effect of SPF per say as AME and dry matter digestibility of SPF diets were comparable to the control diet. The level of sucrase activity in the jejunum was significantly (p < .001) lower due to enzyme inclusion. Use of SPF in the current study did not negatively influence the activities of the brush border enzymes maltase and sucrase, gut morphology in the jejunum of broilers or the load of Enterobacteriaceae in the caecal of birds. This finding is promising in that the gut parameters associated with digestive capacity and gut health were not compromised with feeding of SPF to broilers.     

海带粉对饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛瘤胃发酵参数和菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在探究海带粉作为饲料原料对饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛瘤胃发酵参数及菌群结构的影响。试验选用体重为(605±36)kg的健康泌乳中后期荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5头。采用随机试验设计,3组奶牛分别饲喂45%低精料饲粮、55%高精料饲粮和55%高精料+5%海带粉饲粮。试验期为35d,于试验末对晨饲前奶牛经口腔采集瘤胃液,测定其pH,氨态氮、微生物蛋白、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和菌群结构。结果显示:1)相比55%高精料饲粮,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中pH显著升高(P<0.05),氨态氮和微生物蛋白的浓度显著降低(P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度以及挥发性脂肪酸中丁酸、异丁酸和异戊酸的比例显著增加(P<0.05)。2)在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉降低了样本独有的操作分类单元(OUT)数量,但对瘤胃细菌α多样性的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在门水平上,与44%低精料饲粮相比,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中SR1_Absconditabacteria的相对丰度(P<0.05);而在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),瘤胃中厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),同时进一步显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05)。在属水平上,相对于45%低精料饲粮,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中瘤胃球菌属2(Ruminococcus_2)和毛螺菌科NK3A20类群(Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌属1(Prevotella_1)和普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003(Prevotellaceae_UCG-003)的相对丰度(P<0.05);在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,进一步显著降低了瘤胃中Prevotella_1的相对丰度(P<0.05),并显著增加了瘤胃中Ruminococcus_2的相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上可见,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%的海带粉可以改善饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛的瘤胃发酵环境,调整瘤胃菌群结构,对瘤胃细菌多样性的影响较小。     

氧化锌对新生犊牛生长性能、免疫功能及直肠微生物菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究氧化锌对新生犊牛生长性能、免疫功能及直肠微生物菌群的影响。试验选取24头新生荷斯坦犊牛,随机分成4组,每组6头牛(2公4母)。对照组(Zn-0组)犊牛仅饲喂牛奶和开食料;试验组犊牛在饲喂牛奶和开食料的基础上,每日分别添加40(Zn-40组)、80(Zn-80组)、120mg(Zn-120组)氧化锌(以锌计)。试验期14d。结果表明:不同水平氧化锌对犊牛平均日增重、牛奶采食量、开食料采食量、总采食量和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组犊牛腹泻率均有所降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着饲粮中氧化锌添加水平的增加,犊牛血清中免疫球蛋白G、免疫球蛋白M和免疫球蛋白A含量呈线性升高(P<0.05),直肠内乳酸菌含量呈线性增加(P<0.05),直肠内大肠杆菌含量有线性下降的趋势(0.05≤P<0.10)。综上所述,不同水平氧化锌对新生犊牛生长性能、腹泻率没有显著影响,但与对照组相比,试验组犊牛血清免疫球蛋白含量和直肠中乳酸菌含量增加,直肠中大肠杆菌含量有所降低。     

犬源复合益生菌对脾气虚犬盲肠菌群的影响

本试验旨在通过高通量测序技术研究犬源复合益生菌对脾气虚犬盲肠菌群的影响。选取24只1岁龄比格犬,随机分成4组:对照组、脾气虚组、自然恢复组和益生菌治疗组,每组6只。其中,对照组饲喂基础饲粮;脾气虚组、自然恢复组和益生菌治疗组在饲喂基础饲粮的同时每天按照10 mL/kg BW的剂量灌喂番泻叶水煎液,连续灌喂7 d,建立脾气虚模型。在试验第7天,采集脾气虚组犬盲肠内容物;对照组和自然恢复组犬继续饲喂基础饲粮7 d,益生菌治疗组犬在饲喂基础饲粮的基础上每天按照1×10~9CFU/只的剂量灌服犬源复合益生菌7 d。在试验第14天,随机从对照组、自然恢复组和益生菌治疗组各选4只犬采集盲肠内容物。利用Illumina HiSeq 2500平台及QIIME测序软件对各组犬盲肠内容物进行生物信息学分析。结果显示:1)对照组与益生菌治疗组盲肠菌群的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数均高于脾气虚组与自然恢复组,而Simpson指数则低于脾气虚组与自然恢复组。2)益生菌治疗组盲肠菌群中拟杆菌门、纲、目、科以及芽孢杆菌纲、属的相对丰度均显著高于对照组和脾气虚组(P<0.05),其他菌群在不同分类水平上的相对丰度均与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,犬源复合益生菌不仅能够使番泻叶诱导的脾气虚犬盲肠菌群多样性恢复至正常犬水平,而且还能够提高盲肠菌群中有益菌拟杆菌、芽孢杆菌的占比,对脾气虚犬盲肠菌群结构有良好的调节作用。