Photolytic versus microbial degradation of clomazone in a flooded California rice field soil

BACKGROUND: Clomazone is a popular herbicide used on California rice fields and exhibits rapid anaerobic microbial degradation (t_1/2 = 7.9 days). To test the potential of direct and indirect photolytic degradation as a cofactor in the overall degradation rate, sacrificial time‐series microcosms were amended with water, non‐sterilized soil + water and sterilized soil + water. Clomazone was added to each microcosm, which was then exposed to natural and artificial sunlight over 35 days. Water and acetonitrile extracts were analyzed for clomazone and metabolites via LC/MS/MS. RESULTS: The calculated pseudo‐first‐order degradation rate constants (k) were k_water = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day^?1, k_sterile = 0–0.005 ± 0.003 day^?1 and k_non?sterile = 0.010 ± 0.002–0.044 ± 0.007 day^?1, depending on light type. The formation of ring‐open clomazone, a microbial metabolite, correlated with clomazone degradation. Trace amounts of 5‐hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 → 125), aromatic hydroxyclomazone (m/z = 256 → 141) and an unknown product (m/z = 268 → 125) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The photolytic degradation rate depends on both light type and the quality of the chromophores that induce indirect photolysis. Microbial degradation was found to be sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Overall, microbes are shown to be more detrimental to the environmental fate of clomazone than photolysis. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

The complex symbiotic relationships of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in forestry

Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article.     

几种木腐真菌降解木质素效果研究

4个典型的木腐真菌在纯木屑培养基上的试验结果表明,采用克拉松木质素测定法,测得在经过了30 d的菌物作用后,以拟云芝降解木质素的能力最强,达50.0%,云芝的作用效果只有16.7%,灵芝、猴头在菌丝生长阶段即表现不佳。因此,拟云芝和云芝均可作为木质素降解的菌种,以拟云芝为佳。     

白蚁纤维素酶研究进展

纤维素是地球上蕴藏最多的可再生资源,白蚁是自然纤维素的主要降解者。介绍了白蚁纤维素酶对纤维素开发利用的重要意义,并就白蚁纤维素酶研究进展作一简述。     

不同方法测定牛奶中环丙沙星的残留

采用微生物法、酶联免疫法、高效液相色谱法同时测定鲜奶中环丙沙星的残留,结果表明:微生物法适合牛奶收储时抗菌药物残留的初筛;酶联免疫法能够较精确地测定奶中环丙沙星的残留,但其费用昂贵,高效液相法适合质监部门和大型企业应用。     

磁场中Ag/TiO_2复合物光催化降解酸性红B的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2包覆纳米Ag光催化剂,利用XRD和SEM对其进行表征;在磁场中光催化剂的作用下,研究不同热处理温度、保温时间、光照时间对该催化剂降解酸性红B的影响。结果表明,在2θ=44.5°处出现了Ag的特征吸收峰,这说明TiO2和纳米Ag已经很好地结合在一起,该催化剂比纯TiO2有更好的催化活性;在热处理温度400℃时,其光催化活性最大,60 min的保温时间催化性能最佳;随着光照时间增加,酸性红B染料的降解率不断提高。     

Degradation Impact Factors of Phenol Simulated Wastewater with Ultrasonic-hydrogen Peroxide

The use of ultrasonic,H2O2and the combination of two kinds of technology approach to ultrasound H2O2 phenol wastewater, treatment effect of three methods were compared the differences, and discussed the ultrasonic power, the solution pH value, ultrasonic time and ferrous ions (Fe2 + ) the amount of the treatment effect. The results show that hydrogen peroxide and ultrasonic treatment efficiency of wastewater treatment is superior to ultrasonic treatment group and H2O2 treatment. Through orthogonal experiments of phenol degradation rate of the size of the order has to pH>ultrasonic power>ultrasonic time>adding 0.1mmol·L-1FeSO4 amount of the basis of the experimental parameters, in order to obtain high degradation rate and cost, various factors. Optimization of process parameters for the ultrasonic time of 60 min, power is 200 W, pH is 3, adding FeSO4 amount of 1.0 mL. Under optimum conditions in this experiment, the degradation of phenol was 81.50%. Ultrasonic is relatively separate and separate hydrogen peroxide, the use of ultrasonic hydrogen peroxide degradation rate of phenol, save time, the advantages of speed degradation.     

Land degradation and population relocation in Northern China

Overgrazing in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia following market reform in China has led to severe soil degradation and desertification. In an effort to revive the ecological environment in northern pastoral areas, the government of China recently adopted an intervention policy to relocate families from areas where excess grazing pressure was seriously compromising land and the environment. A survey was conducted in three villages to determine how well the relocated families have adapted to their new living conditions and the factors that affect their willingness to stay in the new villages. Regression analysis revealed that the most important factors were age of the head of the household, length of time the family has resided in the new village, proportion of total income that is made up of government payments and level of fixed, durable and current assets.     

江西阳际峰自然保护区土壤的微生物学性状

研究阳际峰自然保护区不同海拔梯度土壤剖面状况及其微生物学性状,探讨土壤微生物量C与N、酶活性、微生物商与呼吸速率的变化及其相互关系。结果发现,不同海拔梯度土壤在微生物学性状上均有较大差异。总的趋势是植被覆盖度高,地形平缓,土层厚,微生物活性强,且与海拔梯度呈显著正相关。在剖面分布上,也有明显的层次差异,即随土层的增加而减少。     

填闲作物阻控设施菜田土壤功能衰退研究进展

土地集约化经营的设施农业是我国农业的重要组成部分。然而,集约化种植体系中传统的连作和简单轮作更多地依赖农药和化肥,由此引发了温室土壤质量的下降和作物生长障碍,从而使得作物产量下降。如何阻控土壤功能衰退,修复并保持土壤健康,实现设施蔬菜产业可持续发展是设施蔬菜生产上亟待解决的问题。填闲作物是维持集约化种植体系土壤功能的生物途径,随着填闲作物改善土壤养分循环研究的深入,人们对填闲作物生态效应及其机制的认识也越来越深入。本文阐述了国内外填闲作物阻控土壤功能衰退研究进展,并在此基础上分析了填闲作物阻控设施菜田土壤功能衰退的可行性。