溶磷微生物菌剂对土壤营养元素及玉米生长的影响

为比较不同溶磷菌剂在田间应用效果,通过田间小区试验,研究3种菌剂草酸青霉I1(I1)、黑曲霉H1(H1)和巨大芽孢杆菌BM(BM)对土壤营养元素动态变化以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:施用3种菌剂,土壤有效磷含量显著提高,在不同磷水平下,土壤有效磷含量比对照提高6.47%-37.13%。在P₂O₅92 kg·hm^-2水平下,在玉米生长前期,施用3种菌剂,土壤pH值显著降低,土壤交换性Ca、Mg和有效性Fe、Cu、Zn含量以及玉米叶片SOD、POD和CAT酶活性显著增加,而有效Mn的含量降低;总体上,各处理间提高土壤交换性钙、镁和有效锌的能力为H1>I1>BM,提高土壤有效铁能力为H1≥BM>I1,提高土壤有效铜能力为BM>H1>I1。不同磷水平下,施用3种菌剂后,玉米产量显著提高,在P₂O₅92 kg·hm^-2水平下,施用微生物菌剂玉米产量比CK增加8.2%-12.1%,总体上,增产效果为I1>H1>BM。     

In vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources in two dog breeds (German shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff)

Few studies have been published on the normal intestinal biota of canines unlike the wealth of information regarding livestock animal species. The in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) including measurements of accumulating gas during fermentation and end‐product determinations allows obtaining a complete picture of microbial activity kinetics. The aim of this study was to study the in vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources using inocula from two dog breeds (German Shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff). Faeces sampled from rectum of two GS and NM adult dogs, fed the same dry food, were used as inocula. The samples, diluted and filtered, were incubated at 39 °C under anaerobic condition with nine substrates different for carbohydrate composition (rice, corn, potato, spelt, pure cellulose, beet pulp, wheat bran, inulin and fructo‐oligosaccharide). Gas production was recorded 17 times using a manual pressure transducer. After 48 h, the fermentation was stopped and fermenting liquor was analysed for pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was calculated as difference after burning the residuals. OMD, gas production and end‐products were significantly correlated with chemical composition of substrates, in particular carbohydrate fractions (total dietary fibre and starch), confirming the effectiveness of the IVGPT in evaluating dog feeds. Concerning the comparison between breeds significant differences (p < 0.01) were found for OMD, gas production, fermentation kinetic parameters and end‐products, suggesting a different pathway of fermentation and consequently, a different anaerobic population.     

Soil microbial communities resistant to changes in plant functional group composition

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition. We used a removal experiment in a northern Canadian grassland to examine the effects of plant functional group identity on soil microbial community structure and function. Plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes and forbs) were removed independently from plots for five growing seasons (2003-2007) and in the fifth year effects on the soil microbial community were examined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR - a measure of metabolic diversity) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA - a measure of microbial community composition). Removal treatments were also crossed with both a fertilizer treatment and a fungicide treatment to determine if effects of functional group identity on the soil community were context dependent. Plant functional group identity had almost no effect on the soil microbial community as measured by either SIR or PLFA. Likewise, soil properties including total carbon, pH, moisture and nutrients showed a limited response to plant removals in the fifth year after removals. We found a direct effect of fertilizer on the soil community, with fertilized plots having decreased metabolic diversity, with a decreased ability to metabolize amino acids and a phenolic acid, but there was no direct soil microbial response to fungicide. We show that in this northern Canadian grassland the soil microbial community is relatively insensitive to changes in plant functional group composition, and suggest that in northern ecosystems, where plant material is only slowly incorporated into the soil, five growing seasons may be insufficient to detect the impact of a changing plant community on the soil microbes.     

玉米秸秆低温高效降解复合菌系GF-20的菌种组成及降解稳定性

【目的】探索不同温度及pH条件对玉米秸秆低温高效降解复合菌系的玉米秸秆分解稳定性及菌群结构稳定性的影响,完善菌系培养方法,促进其应用开发利用。【方法】以低温高效降解复合菌系GF-20为研究对象,在10℃条件下连续继代培养45代、不同温度和pH条件下连续继代培养15代,分别获得多组不同代数（F）、不同温度（T）和pH（P）条件下的菌系。测定各复合菌系发酵液pH、玉米秸秆降解率及纤维素酶活,评价复合菌系的玉米秸秆分解稳定性;利用PCR-DGGE技术结合主成分分析法对菌群组成结构的稳定性进行研究。【结果】在10℃条件下经连续继代培养40代和在温度4-30℃、pH 6.0-9.0条件下继代培养获得的不同复合菌系发酵液pH均随发酵时间的延长趋近中性;玉米秸秆降解率在27.59%-32.53%,除F40显著高于F5外,其余无显著差异;纤维素酶活性呈高代菌系大于低代菌系,温度4-10℃和pH 6.0-9.0条件下,对复合菌系产酶有促进作用,纤维素酶活为1.34-1.84 IU·mL^-1;复合菌系的纤维素酶在较低的温度和较宽的pH范围内具有良好的温度和pH稳定性,酶促反应温度15-30℃和pH 4.0-9.0内仍保持80%以上的纤维素酶活力;复合菌系F5-F45、T4-T30和P6.0-P9.0的DGGE条带差异不显著,表明菌系的菌种组成稳定;而在偏酸（pH=4、5）和偏碱性（pH=10）条件下继代培养,复合菌系秸秆降解率和纤维素酶活均显著降低,菌种组成发生变化,进而影响性质与功能稳定性。PCR-DGGE共检测到18个条带,其中关键菌株分别为Bacillus licheniformis、Azonexus hydrophilusd、Azospira oryzae、Arobacter cloacae、Cellvibrio mixtus、Bacillus tequilensis、Clostridium populeti subsp. Mixtus和Clostridium xylanolyticum。【结论】复合菌系GF-20在温度4-30℃、pH 6.0-9.0条件下经过多代继代培养,仍然保持了较高的玉米秸秆分解活性和菌种组成稳定性,具有良好的应用前景。     

有机硅助剂在苹果炭疽叶枯病化学防控中的减药增效作用评价

有机硅助剂具有低毒、易降解的特性,可提高农药的药液展布性和渗透性。本研究分别采用室内离体叶片法和田间试验评价了2种有机硅助剂对吡唑醚菌酯和代森锰锌防治苹果炭疽叶枯病的减药增效作用。室内离体试验结果表明,杀菌剂浓度减半的处理以及模拟雨水冲刷处理均导致吡唑醚菌酯和代森锰锌的防效显著下降;而添加了有机硅助剂后,2种处理的防效显著提高,并且恢复到与正常施药量相同的水平。田间试验结果表明,正常情况下杀菌剂浓度减半后防效显著下降;而施用有机硅助剂后,浓度减半的吡唑醚菌酯和代森锰锌的防效显著高于不施用有机硅的处理。本研究结果表明,施用有机硅助剂可以在减少化学农药实际用量的情况下,保持较高的防效,这对于化学农药的减施增效具有重要意义。     

碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中几种生物学指标的影响

通过模拟实验研究了除草剂碘甲磺隆钠盐对土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶、呼吸作用及土壤微生物生物量碳的影响。结果表明:碘甲磺隆钠盐在田间施用量(1 mg/kg)下对土壤脲酶和微生物生物量碳的影响呈现为显著的抑制-恢复过程;对土壤过氧化氢酶的影响呈现出轻微的抑制-激活-恢复过程。碘甲磺隆钠盐施用初期对土壤呼吸作用也有一定的影响,浓度愈大,对土壤呼吸强度的抑制愈强,但随着时间的推移,逐步由抑制作用转为一定程度的激发作用,到12 d后施药土壤与对照组土壤的呼吸强度基本上趋于一致。统计分析结果表明,碘甲磺隆钠盐属于低毒或无实际危害的农药。     

新型成品油减阻剂的研制反现场应用试验

介绍了新型成品油减阻剂区别于原油减阻剂的技术要求、制备方法、试验产品生产工艺流程及现场应用试验。利用简便安全的本体聚合工艺方法和常温超微粉碎技术制备的成品油减阻剂,减阻性能优越,研制的样品不会对包括汽油、柴油、煤油在内的多种成品油的各项国家强制规定的技术指标造成不良影响。兰成渝成品油管道现场应用试验表明,新型成品油减阻剂不但可为兰成渝管道未来增输提供一种灵活高效的技术手段,而且对我国其它成品油管道应用减阻剂实现增输降耗也具有重要的意义。     

碱性肥料对香蕉枯萎病发生及土壤微生物群落的影响

【目的】针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化、 微生物环境恶化,香蕉枯萎病严重泛滥和肆虐,严重威胁产业等问题,通过施用碱性肥料改善蕉园土壤酸性及微生物环境,从而降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,促进香蕉健康生长。【方法】以重病区蕉园土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,研究碱性肥料对土壤微生物及香蕉枯萎病发生情况的影响。试验设碱性肥料(AF)和常规肥料(CCF)2种肥料处理,每种肥料设低量(L1)、 中量(L2)和高量(L3)3个施肥量,同一施肥量处理的氮、 磷、 钾总用量相等。于2013年3月6日移栽香蕉苗到营养钵, 130 d后待各处理香蕉发病明显时采集土壤及植株样品进行各项指标测定。【结果】 1)施碱性肥料能显著降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率,常规肥料处理的香蕉发病率为78%,而碱性肥料处理的仅为33%。2)碱性肥料对土壤微生物群落有明显的影响,土壤中的真菌数量AF处理明显少于CCF处理,而细菌、 放线菌数量则显著高于CCF处理,因此AF处理土壤的香蕉尖孢镰刀菌明显减少。3)试验期间碱性肥料能显著提高土壤pH值,较常规肥料处理提高了0.75个pH单位,而土壤EC值比常规肥料处理低47.76 μS/cm。4)土壤pH值与土壤中古巴专化型尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)的数量及香蕉发病率呈显著负相关; 细菌数量与FOC数量、 香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数之间呈显著的负相关; 土壤中FOC和真菌数量与香蕉发病率呈显著正相关。5)香蕉生物量随着碱性肥料和常规肥料用量的增大而增加,但碱性肥料的效果更加明显。【结论】应用碱性肥料不仅可以为香蕉提供氮、 磷、 钾养分,而且能改良蕉园土壤酸性从而改善土壤微生物群落结构及环境,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生。     

Mn、Cu、Fe对糜子萌发特性的影响

[目的]探讨不同浓度Mn、Cu、Fe溶液对糜子(Panicum miliaceum L.)萌发特性的影响,以期为其实际生产应用提供理论依据。[方法]以蒸馏水为对照,设置不同浓度Mn(50、100、200、400、800 mg/L)、Cu(10、30、90、270、360 mg/L)、Fe(10、30、90、270、360 mg/L)溶液,研究3种微量元素对糜子萌发的影响。[结果]中等浓度Mn、Cu、Fe溶液对糜子发芽势起促进作用,其中Cu的促进作用最明显。低浓度Mn、Cu、Fe溶液对糜子发芽率无影响,而高浓度则起抑制作用。低浓度Mn、Cu、Fe溶液对糜子根长、侧根数以及侧根总长度起促进作用,尤其Fe溶液促进作用最明显,而高浓度溶液则起明显抑制作用。不同浓度Mn、Cu、Fe均对糜子胚轴起抑制作用。[结论]Mn浓度在50~100 mg/L、Cu浓度在10~30 mg/L、Fe浓度在10~30 mg/L时可提高糜子发芽势,不影响发芽率,并促进幼苗健壮。     

农户森林灾害减灾需求影响因素分析?——基于北京市郊区农户的调查

根据收益—成本权衡理论,构建了农户减灾收益与成本理论分析框架,基于北京市郊区农户的调查数据,采用Logistic模型分析农户对森林灾害减灾需求的主要影响因素。结果表明,北京市郊区72.11%的农户有减灾需求,尤其对村集体帮助、政府救济和森林保险等减灾措施的需求较大,火灾、风灾和病虫害是影响农户生产生活的最主要灾害类型。农户对减灾措施的认知程度、风险偏好、林业收入占总收入比、三年内受灾严重程度和对政府防灾救灾体系的满意程度对减灾需求影响显著;而农户家庭年均纯收入、林业生产人数、对减灾措施了解程度、林地规模、林地质量、林地位置、树种及3年内受灾次数对减灾需求影响不显著。因此,政府通过提高农户对减灾措施的认知水平,并根据农户需求制定有针对性的减灾措施,建立健全林业防灾救灾体系是实现对林业防灾减灾措施有效供给的重要途径。