Effect of transdermally administered fentanyl on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of two doses of fentanyl, administered transdermally, on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized study. ANIMALS: Five healthy, spayed, female cats. METHODS: Each cat was studied thrice with at least 2 weeks between each study. In study 1, the baseline isoflurane MAC was determined in triplicate for each cat. In studies 2 and 3, isoflurane MAC was determined 24 hours after placement of either a 25 or 50 microg hour(-1) fentanyl patch. In each MAC study, cats were instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood and measurement of arterial blood pressure. Twenty-four hours prior to studies 2 and 3, a catheter was placed and secured in the jugular vein and either a 25 or 50 microg hour(-1) fentanyl patch was placed in random order on the left thorax. Blood samples for plasma fentanyl determination were collected prior to patch placement and at regular intervals up to 144 hours. After determination of MAC in studies 2 and 3, naloxone was administered as a bolus dose (0.1 mg kg(-1)) followed by an infusion (1 mg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and MAC redetermined. RESULTS: The baseline isoflurane MAC was 1.51 +/- 0.21% (mean +/- SD). Fentanyl (25 and 50 micro g hour(-1)) administered transdermally significantly reduced MAC to 1.25 +/- 0.26 and 1.22 +/- 0.16%, respectively. These MAC reductions were not significantly different from each other. Isoflurane MAC determined during administration of fentanyl 25 micro g hour(-1) and naloxone (1.44 +/- 0.16%) and fentanyl 50 micro g hour(-1) and naloxone (1.51 +/- 0.19%) was not significantly different from baseline MAC (1.51 +/- 0.21%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Fentanyl patches are placed to provide long-lasting analgesia. In order to be effective postoperatively, fentanyl patches must be placed prior to surgery. Plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved intraoperatively decrease the need for potent inhalant anesthetics in cats.     

畜牧业温室气体排放机制及其减排研究进展

全球气候变暖已经成为人类共同关注的话题,畜牧业温室气体排放量占全球总量的18%,成为导致全球气候变暖的主要原因。因此,研究各种畜禽温室气体排放机制,找出畜禽温室气体的影响因子,对减少温室气体排放有着非常重要的意义。文章综述了畜禽温室气体排放的机理,提出减少畜禽温室气体排放的措施与对策,为探索节能、低温室气体排放的环保养殖提供参考。     

冬季种养结合对稻田土壤微生物量及有效碳氮库的影响

以双季稻冬闲田种植绿肥与养鸡结合的新型种养制度为平台,通过冬季绿肥和鸡粪还田,减少水稻生育期化肥用量,探讨“冬季绿肥-双季稻”轮作种植制度和“冬季种养结合-双季稻”种养制度下对稻田土壤微生物碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的影响。试验包括5个处理,分别为冬闲(F)、冬季种植黑麦草(R)、冬季种植紫云英(M)、冬季种植黑麦草与养鸡结合(RC)以及冬季种植紫云英与养鸡结合(MC)。结果表明,在整个试验的动态过程中,微生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮含量高低总体趋势表现为绿肥养鸡>绿肥>冬闲,各处理间差异显著(P<0.05);“冬季种养结合-双季稻”种养制度能显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮。各处理微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机氮在3月24日达到最大值,RC、MC、R和M处理微生物量碳最大值分别为492.22,464.91,432.34和435.48 mg/kg;微生物量氮的最大值分别为118.20,101.03,70.13和85.46 mg/kg;可溶性有机氮的最大值分别为1001.47,926.21,832.80和870.75 mg/kg;可溶性有机碳在早稻苗期达到最大值,RC、MC、R和M最大值分别为278.95,266.40,246.13和249.84 mg/kg。微生物量碳含量的高峰在早稻移栽初期、晚稻孕穗期和灌浆期,微生物量氮的高峰出现在早稻分蘖期、齐穗灌浆期和晚稻孕穗期,可溶性有机碳在稻田养鸡及成鸡出栏后较高。与冬闲田种植绿肥和休闲相比,冬闲稻田种植绿肥结合养鸡对增加微生物生物量的贡献更大,并显著提高土壤的可溶性有机碳氮,间接反映了种养制度能提高土壤有机碳、氮的矿化速率和土壤的活性有机碳氮以及满足水稻生长期间自身养分需求。     

坪床基质对兰引Ⅲ号结缕草根系生长及分布的影响

坪床结构对草坪草根系和草坪使用质量的影响很大。为探讨5种坪床基质对兰引Ⅲ号结缕草（Zoysia japonica ‘LanyinNo. III’）根系生长的影响,试验设计5种坪床基质：100% 纯砂（A）,砂：泥炭（85%：15%）（B）,砂：土（85%：15%）（C）,砂：土：泥炭（85%：7.5%：7.5%）（D）,100% 纯土（E）。结果表明：根长密度、根表面积密度随坪床深度的加深而减小,纯土坪床的上述根系指标显著小于砂基坪床;一级根在0～5 cm的根层中分布最多l而二级根在5～10 cm根层分布最多;3种砂质混合基质中,砂+泥炭混合基质好于砂+土和砂+土+泥炭2种混合基质。在土壤各层深度中,砂基坪床的根平均直径显著大于纯土坪床。纯砂坪床的地下生物量最大,而纯土坪床0～5 cm根层内根系生物量所占比例最大。综合分析认为,砂基坪床适合做运动场草坪,其中以砂与泥炭混合基质最好,纯土坪床则排水不良,不适宜做运动场草坪。     

Treatment of cow-waste slurry by a microbial fuel cell and the properties of the treated slurry as a liquid manure

Resource recycling and the proper treatment of animal waste to reduce its environmental impact are currently important issues for the livestock industry. A microbial fuel cell (MFC), a new type of bioreactor, is expected to play roles in both waste‐water purification and energy recovery. However, the generation of electricity from cow waste has not yet been examined. In this study, using an MFC, we examined the possibility of generating electricity from dairy‐cow waste slurry, and analyzed the properties of the treated slurry as liquid manure for resource recycling. The MFC treatment of the slurry generated electricity in a dose‐dependent manner, and the maximum power output by the MFC from a 1 g of chemical oxygen demand/L slurry was 0.34 mW/m². After the MFC treatment, 84% of the biological oxygen demand in the slurry was removed and three essential fertilizer elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) were retained at 84, 70, and 91% levels, respectively. The amount of ammonia nitrogen in the slurry, as an element of fast‐release fertilizer, was increased by 1.9‐fold. Although the treated slurry displayed properties that made it preferable as liquid manure, further studies to improve the electrical power output by the MFC are required for practical use.     

堆肥中高温纤维素降解菌的筛选和应用

选用PCS培养基和定期改变传代的方法,从高温堆肥样品中筛选出4组具有较强纤维素分解能力的混合菌群,从菌群的生长特性、纤维素酶活力和滤纸、水稻秸秆的降解能力等方面复筛出一组纤维素分解能力较强而稳定的混合菌群MixF-3。该混合菌群经72h能将滤纸完全崩解,崩解滤纸后的培养液pH值基本稳定在8.5左右。培养温度为55℃或65℃时有利于MixF-3复合菌群产生的纤维素酶活较快地达到最大值;55℃培养96h左右,培养液中最高酶活为91.05U/mL,培养7d对水稻秸秆的降解率为46.5%。将复合菌群MixF-3接种到猪粪和牛粪自然堆肥中,发现其能促进肥料快速升温,48h内超过65℃,加速了原料的快速腐熟,为进一步研究开发堆肥快速腐熟菌剂奠定了基础。     

Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky recovered from human clinical cases in Maryland,USA (2011–2015)

Salmonella Kentucky is among the most frequently isolated S. enterica serovars from food animals in the United States. Recent research on isolates recovered from these animals suggests there may be geographic and host specificity signatures associated with S. Kentucky strains. However, the sources and genomic features of human clinical S. Kentucky isolated in the United States remain poorly described. To investigate the characteristics of clinical S. Kentucky and the possible sources of these infections, the genomes of all S. Kentucky isolates recovered from human clinical cases in the State of Maryland between 2011 and 2015 (n = 12) were sequenced and compared to a database of 525 previously sequenced S. Kentucky genomes representing 12 sequence types (ST) collected from multiple sources on several continents. Of the 12 human clinical S. Kentucky isolates from Maryland, nine were ST198, two were ST152, and one was ST314. Forty‐one per cent of isolates were recovered from patients reporting recent international travel and 58% of isolates encoded genomic characteristics similar to those originating outside of the United States. Of the five isolates not associated with international travel, three encoded antibiotic resistance genes conferring resistance to tetracycline or aminoglycosides, while two others only encoded the cryptic aac(6′)‐Iaa gene. Five isolates recovered from individuals with international travel histories (ST198) and two for which travel was not recorded (ST198) encoded genes conferring resistance to between 4 and 7 classes of antibiotics. Seven ST198 genomes encoded the Salmonella Genomic Island 1 and substitutions in the gyrA and parC genes known to confer resistance to ciprofloxacin. Case report data on food consumption and travel were, for the most part, consistent with the inferred S. Kentucky phylogeny. Results of this study indicate that the majority of S. Kentucky infections in Maryland are caused by ST198 which may originate outside of North America.     

云南大额牛瘤胃微生物多样性分析

为研究云南大额牛瘤胃微生物多样性,本研究通过对大额牛瘤胃微生物宏基因组测序(总数据产出>3Gb)、分析、组装,共获得13546196个环境基因标签(EGTs)。在微生物分析时随机选用了10387566个EGTs(占总EGTs的76.68%)与NCBI的NR数据库进行BLAST比对,进行物种注释。结果显示,在分析的EGTs中,主要由细菌域、真核生物域、古生菌域及部分不能确定域归属的未知微生物构成,其中微生物主要属于10个门,94%的EGTs属于拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、变形杆菌门和放线菌门,拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门丰度最高,分别占总细菌的48%和42%。大额牛瘤胃中主要的纤维降解细菌为黄化瘤胃球菌、溶纤维丁酸弧菌、白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌,分别占总细菌的1.60%、1.20%、0.86%和0.52%。本研究结果表明EGTs技术可用于分析环境微生物群落结构和解释微生物群落功能,对研究特殊环境中的微生物的构成具有重要意义。     

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。