外来植物薇甘菊的开发利用前景

薇甘菊是一种危害极大的外来入侵植物,近年来薇甘菊防控技术与途径的研究成为薇甘菊研究的热点,但薇甘菊作为一种生物资源也一直受到关注.从薇甘菊在害虫防治、病原微生物防治、生态环境影响以及其他应用等方面进行了详细介绍,并对薇甘菊的开发利用前景进行探讨与展望,以开拓薇甘菊防治的新思路.     

Ecophysiological attributes of Mikania micrantha,an exotic invasive weed,at two different elevations in the tropical forest regions of the Western Ghats,South India

Mikania micrantha H.B.K. is a fast‐growing, perennial vine and one of the world's worst alien invasive weeds. It is a major threat to agro‐ecosystems, plantation crops and agro‐forestry systems. An attempt was made to understand the physiological adaptation and ecological amplitude of M. micrantha at two different altitudes and seasons in the Western Ghats of south India. The relationships between the net photosynthetic rate (P_N) and other physiological parameters, like stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration, vapor pressure deficit and water use efficiency, and environmental factors, like photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf temperature and air temperature, were analyzed in order to understand their physiological adaptabilities. The P_N exhibited a peak at 10.00 hours and declined gradually at both elevations; however, the populations at the lower elevation had a significantly greater P_N than the populations at the higher elevation in November. The P_N and g_s were positively correlated with the PAR. Under significantly different PAR levels, the difference in the average P_N was not significant for summer but was significant for winter between the two elevations. It suggested that the photosynthetic ability of M. micrantha is not affected by a difference in altitude (451 m and 912 m), as the differences in the environmental parameters were inconspicuous between the two elevations. These results indicated that this weed possesses great phenotypic plasticity and thrives better at lower elevations.     

Status of biological control of the weed,Lantana camara in India

Abstract

A glasshouse study was conducted to determine the effect of shade on the uptake, translocation and activity of paraquat on Mikania micrantha H.B.K. The uptake, translocation and activity of paraquat were significantly enhanced at low light intensity. Placement of plants grown initially under 75% shade and transferred to 0% shade resulted in significantly higher uptake of paraquat than those initially grown under 0% and 50% shade. The uptake and activity of paraquat were also significantly increased when treated plants were placed in darkness. The rate of efflux of paraquat from leaf segments of plants grown in high light intensity was considerably slower than from plants grown in low light intensity.     

薇甘菊在不同光环境下的生理生态研究

为了探讨薇甘菊在不同光环境下（相对光强100％,25％,10％）的生理生态研究,系统研究了不同遮荫生长下的薇甘菊叶片平均净光合速率（Pn）、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量、叶面积和比叶重（SLW）。结果表明：100％相对光强下薇甘菊在12 : 00~14 : 00时表现出短暂的光抑制现象;在高光强下薇甘菊显著提高净光合速率（Pn）、比叶重（SLW）、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素含量、类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比值来维持其正常生长和避免午间高光强对光合系统的破坏;25％和10％ 2个光环境下生长的薇甘菊各测定指标无显著差异,其通过提高叶面积捕捉更多的光能以维持自身的生长。喜光植物薇甘菊能够在不同光环境下正常生长,推测薇甘菊生理和形态在不同光环境下,光系统调节作用和表型可塑性是其较强入侵性的原因之一。     

德宏州林地薇甘菊防治技术

介绍薇甘菊在云南省德宏州的传播与蔓延以及给德宏州林地带来的危害.阐述物理防治、化学防治以及人工铲除辅以化学防治3种薇甘菊防治技术与方法.分析防治中存在的主要问题.通过具体案例分析表明,对薇甘菊的防治必需采取综合防治措施,同一地块必需重复防治3次以上方能奏效.     

Potential allelopathic effects of Mikania micrantha on the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma‐jobi

The allelopathic potential of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. to affect the seed germination and seedling growth of Coix lacryma‐jobi L. was investigated. Water‐soluble allelopathic substances were found in the water extracts of M. micrantha. The effect of the water extracts on the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi was concentration‐dependent. The water extracts from the different plant parts (leaf, stem, and root) of M. micrantha differed in their effect on the germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi, with the effect of the leaf extract being the least inhibitory. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings increased by 64%, 45%, and 52% of the control with increasing concentrations of the extracts of the root, stem, and leaf (80, 400, and 400 g L^?1, respectively). The extract from the M. micrantha roots significantly increased the catalase (CAT) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings (48% and 54% of the control at the concentrations of 20 g L^?1 and 80 g L^?1, respectively). The extracts from the leaves and stems at low concentrations increased the CAT activity, but at high concentrations, the extracts decreased the CAT activity. The extracts from the roots, stems, and leaves at concentrations of 80, 400, and 400 g L^?1 also significantly decreased the peroxidase (POD) activity of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings to 27%, 52%, and 34% of the control, respectively. These results indicate that the water extracts of M. micrantha could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of C. lacryma‐jobi through the regulation of anti‐oxidase activity, such as POD and CAT in the cells. The growth inhibition of the C. lacryma‐jobi seedlings is probably related to injury after oxidization of the cell membranes with the increase of MDA content.     

安婀珍蝶的生物学及其寄主专一性

对外来入侵植物薇甘菊天敌昆虫安婀珍蝶的生物学及其寄主专一性进行了研究。在温度2 6℃、RH80 %的人工气候箱内饲养 ,安婀珍蝶一个世代历期 92～ 1 0 2d,卵产于薇甘菊叶片上 ,幼虫在四龄前群聚生活 ,六龄后在支持物上化蛹 ,蛹期约 1 1d ,成虫存活约 8d。选择 42科 86种植物进行寄主专一性测定 ,结果表明 :安婀珍蝶对薇甘菊的嗜食程度明显高于其他供试植物 ,且仅能在薇甘菊、飞机草上完成世代     

60Co-γ辐射对矾根幼苗生理特性的影响

为探索辐射剂量对矾根幼苗生理特性的影响,本试验采用不同剂量(0~30 Gy) 的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理矾根组培幼苗,观测辐射对矾根生长的影响,测定其生长量及幼苗叶片的游离脯氨酸、丙二醛、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。结果表明,矾根在30 Gy以内辐照剂量是耐受的,但随着辐射剂量的增加,其生长量呈下降趋势,说明辐射对矾根幼苗的生长有一定的抑制作用。此外,随着辐射剂量的增加,幼苗叶片中丙二醛含量逐渐增加,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐减小,可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量都在辐射剂量为20 Gy时达到最大值。综上所述,矾根幼苗对较低剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线具有一定的耐受能力。本研究结果为矾根辐射育种提供了一定的技术参考。     

利用GARP生态位模型预测牛蛙和薇甘菊在中国的地理分布

应用GARP软件预测外来种牛蛙和薇甘菊在中国的地理分布。结果表明,牛蛙在中国的适生分布范围极广,在144个分布点中随机选择50个得出的预测精确度达到9574%;虽然目前薇甘菊的记录点不多,但预测图显示其适生区范围涉及长江以南的广大地区,这种势态应引起高度重视;还讨论了预测的精确度、预测图的特殊地区,及对它们的预警、防范和控制问题     

小花荆芥(N.micrantha Bunge)染色体的核型分析

采取常规根尖压片法对小花荆芥(Nepeta micrantha Bunge)进行染色体数目统计及核型分析,结果表明:小花荆芥染色体数目为2n=18,染色体核型公式为2n=2x=18=12m+6sm,核型不对称性类型为1A型。该研究为进一步探讨荆芥属的系统关系提供细胞学资料。