Changes in the nutritional parameters of muscles of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) following environmental exposure to cyanobacterial water bloom

The present study evaluated the effect of naturally developing cyanobacteria on the composition of muscles of two commercially important freshwater fish species. Fish were exposed to cyanobacterial biomass including Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis ichthyoblabe for 4 weeks. Then, they were transferred to dechlorinated potable water without any cyanobacteria for another 4-week period, thus modelling their preparation for consumers. Samples of muscles were collected every week during exposure and subsequent stay in dechlorinated potable water. The cyanobacterial water bloom of 3.9–6 × 10⁵ cells mL⁻¹ (133–383 μg g⁻¹ of total MC DW) induced statistically significant effects only in the content of fatty acids ( P <0.05; P <0.01) in the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), while all studied parameters including the content of dry matter and fat ( P <0.01), proteins ( P <0.05), fatty acid composition ( P <0.05; P <0.01) and some amino acids ( P <0.05) were affected in the silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ). This study has shown that cyanobacteria in the environment of commercially produced fish may decrease the dietetic value of fish muscles.     

Nursery areas of Micromesistius poutassou and Sardina pilchardus unveil their reproductive strategies in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Winter conditions in the NW Mediterranean cause instability of the water column and non-geostrophic dynamics, such as vertical mixing and convection are significant. These events involve nutrient supply to the photic zone that can sustain high productivity. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of winter hydrodynamics on the spawning strategies of Sardina pilchardus and Micromesistius poutassou. Data were obtained on two oceanographic cruises (February 2017 and 2018) off the Catalan coast. The occurrence of S. pilchardus eggs very close to the coast indicated a clear preference of the species for spawning in coastal areas. Preflexion and postflexion larvae exhibited a slightly wider distribution showing a clear association with the cold, less saline and more productive coastal waters. Preflexion larvae of M. poutassou were found on the upper slope and over the shelf, being offshore limited by the shelf/slope front present all along the slope. The front would act as a barrier preventing their dispersion towards the open sea. M. poutassou larvae in advanced developmental stages were located close to the coast in the productive shelf waters, with instabilities of the front contributing to larval transport from offshore waters to the coast. The vertical distribution of both species showed high variability, not only related with the daily cycle or developmental stage, but also with the vertical structure of the water column. Overall, the results provide some clues on how the spawning strategies of both species may evolve under future scenarios of higher winter-stratification, because of the global warming.     

基于生活史特征的数据有限条件下渔业资源评估方法比较

渔业资源评估是开展渔业资源管理,维系渔业可持续发展的基础工作。传统的渔业资源评估方法需要统计产量、资源丰度指数甚至年龄结构等大量数据,由于调查经费和数据的缺乏,全球仅1%的鱼种进行过系统性的资源评估。近年来,在数据有限(data-limited)条件下如何开展资源评估已日益成为学术界的关注热点。本文将基于生活史特征的评估方法分为仅需要生活史参数,需要产量数据和生活史参数,需要产量数据、生活史参数及体长或年龄数据等3大类,分别从方法、数据要求、输出结果及局限性进行了系统回顾分析,提供了关于生活史特征参数的常见估算方法,并就其中两种模型对北大西洋大青鲨(Prionace glauca)的可持续渔获量进行了初步评估与比较。最后,对数据缺乏模型的使用及模型在中国近海渔业资源评估中的运用提出了建议。     

我国蓝色粮仓科技创新的发展思路与实施途径

蓝色粮仓建设对保障食物安全、推动经济发展、催生新兴产业、彰显国家权益、改善生态环境以及突破产业瓶颈具有重要意义。在当前科技和产业背景下,如何卓有成效地构建蓝色粮仓已成为社会各界关注的热点。本文明确了蓝色粮仓的概念和特点,分析了蓝色粮仓构建的必要性和可行性,提出了实现渔业产业由大国向强国跨越以及提升科技创新和产业发展能力的总体目标,从聚焦重大需求、构建科技创新链,坚持原创驱动、突破重大科学问题,强化集成示范、支撑产业健康持续发展等方面论述了实施途径,即按照基础研究、重大共性关键技术、典型应用示范全链条布局的要求,坚持生态优先谋划,陆海统筹布局,针对种质创制、健康养殖、资源养护、友好捕捞、流通加工五大产业类型需求,实施良种引领、空间拓展、技术升级、产业示范四大行动,建立智慧养殖、智能捕捞、绿色加工三大体系,满足优质蛋白供给和产业转型升级两大需求,最终构建中国特色的蓝色粮仓。     

A new sustainable formulated feed based on discards from food industries for rearing the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk)

During a 18‐week experiment in a sea‐based system, Paracentrotus lividus was fed with two formulations of a new sustainable feed whose main ingredients were food farming discards, mostly outermost lettuce leaves, in different percentage. Egg white was added as protein source and binder, and a little amount of commercial fish feed was added as lipid source. At the end of the experiment, a high survival rate (>80%) and an increase in test diameter (22%), total weight (130%), gonad weight (240%) and gonad index expressed as size‐adjusted gonad weight (288%) were recorded. Gonads achieved a good colour and high levels of essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids, hence representing a commercially valuable product. Comparing the two feed formulations, the one with the lower lettuce content (57% vs. 67%) led to the best product quality, in terms of gonad features (gonad index and colour) and content of essential fatty acids. In order to move towards a higher sustainability of the aquaculture sector, this study proposes a low‐cost feed, produced with cheap and sustainable ingredients such as food farming discards.     

LED红蓝光质比对红叶石楠试管苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】研究不同红蓝光质比LED对红叶石楠试管苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响,为高品质红叶石楠试管苗的生产提供理论依据。【方法】以红叶石楠试管苗为材料,采用LED光源的红光R(主波长640nm)和蓝光B(主波长464nm)设计5种不同光质配比(100%R、80%R+20%B、70%R+30%B、60%R+40%B、100%B),以普通荧光灯为对照(CK),探究不同光质比对红叶石楠试管苗形态指标、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、根系活力、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白及抗氧化酶活性的影响。【结果】(1)红叶石楠试管苗株高、地下部鲜质量和干质量、总鲜质量在100%R处理下达到最大值;叶数、叶长、叶幅、地上部干物率、总干物率和类胡萝卜素含量在100%B处理下达到最大值;而根数、地上部鲜质量、地上部干质量和总干质量、地下部干物率、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总含量及根系活力在70%R+30%B处理下达到最大值。(2)各处理试管苗的可溶性糖、蔗糖和可溶性蛋白含量均以70%R+30%B处理最高。(3)叶片POD和SOD活性以70%R+30%B处理最高,CAT活性以100%R处理最高,MDA含量以80%R+20%B处理最高。【结论】红蓝光比为7∶3时有利于提高红叶石楠试管苗叶绿素、可溶性总糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力及抗氧化酶活性,进而有效促进红叶石楠试管苗的生长,可以作为红叶石楠植物离体培养的最佳光质比。     

羟丙甲纤维素对土壤水分入渗特性及水稳性团聚体的影响

通过向土壤中施加不同含量的羟丙基甲基纤维素(简称HPMC),研究了HPMC对土壤水分入渗特性及土壤水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤中施加一定量的HPMC可以显著降低土壤入渗能力,在施加量为0～1.0g/kg范围内,累积入渗量、湿润锋运移距离和入渗率均随施加HPMC含量的增加而显著减小;利用Philip方程和Kostiakov公式对实测数据进行拟合发现,两者均能较好模拟施加HPMC后土壤的入渗过程,随HPMC施加量的增加,吸渗率S、稳渗率A和经验系数K明显减小,经验指数β逐渐增大。(2)随HPMC含量的增加,0.25mm的水稳性团聚体百分比明显增大,供试土壤的分形维数逐渐减小,其平均重量直径与水稳性团聚体含量间呈显著正相关关系,表明施加HPMC之后,土壤结构更趋于稳定,土壤抗破坏和抗侵蚀能力增强。HPMC加入土壤后具有明显的减渗效果,一定程度上可以增加水稳性团聚体含量,改良土壤结构,并提高土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

新疆主要农作物生产水足迹研究

农业是新疆水资源消耗最大的产业。本研究应用水足迹理论对新疆83个县市主要农作物的生产水足迹进行研究分析,比较不同作物之间生产水足迹的差异,探讨新疆农业生产水足迹在空间上的变化规律。研究结果表明,全疆2014年主要农作物生产水足迹总量为355.47×108m3,其中主要为蓝水足迹,所占比例高达91.31%;绿水足迹极低,所占比例仅为8.69%。7种主要作物生产水足迹由高到低分别是棉花,向日葵,小麦,水稻,玉米,苜蓿以及甜菜。水足迹空间分布在不同区域差异显著,南疆以及伊犁地区的生产水足迹总量相对较高,二者总量为243.46×108m3,东疆和北疆地区水足迹总量相对较低,二者总量为112.01×108m3,总体呈现出西南高东北低的分布趋势。     

黄肉桃中PpSGRs对蓝光的响应及其对贮藏中类胡萝卜素积累的影响

为揭示蓝光处理促进黄肉桃果实类胡萝卜素积累的机制,以黄肉桃‘金丽’果实为研究对象,从桃基因组中筛选出PpSGR1和PpSGRL基因进行生物信息学分析,并通过q-PCR分析PpSGR1和PpSGRL在不同组织和不同发育阶段果实及其在40 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1蓝光处理果实中的表达。结果表明,PpSGR1具有多半胱氨酸保守域,属于SGR亚族;PpSGRL基因C端突变失去多半胱氨酸保守域,属于SGR-Like亚族;PpSGR1和PpSGRL都含有叶绿体信号肽,与梅亲缘关系最近。PpSGRs在‘金丽’桃不同组织和不同成熟阶段果实中均有表达,其中PpSGR1与果实采后类胡萝卜素的合成密切相关。蓝光处理可快速抑制桃果实PpPIF3进而抑制PpSGR1的转录,促进贮藏前期果实中PpPSY的表达,提高类胡萝卜素的合成和积累。同时,蓝光处理可能通过促进桃果实内源乙烯合成,上调PpSGR1表达进而抑制PpPSY转录水平,降低桃果实贮藏后期类胡萝卜素的合成能力。     

蓝光对龙眼细胞培养及类黄酮代谢的影响

采用搅拌式生物反应器放大培养龙眼悬浮细胞,探讨蓝光对龙眼细胞生长及类黄酮积累的影响。基于已建立并优化的龙眼细胞悬浮培养体系,首先研究龙眼细胞在黑暗和蓝光的培养过程中,细胞生长量、类黄酮含量、细胞活力、培养液的底物消耗量等的变化情况。结果发现:龙眼细胞培养9 d后,蓝光的细胞干重比黑暗增长了0.28 g/L,类黄酮含量增长了0.77 mg/g。细胞培养前期蓝光的培养液蔗糖消耗速度慢于黑暗培养,此后蔗糖含量均稳定在2 g/L。培养过程中,蓝光培养的还原糖含量均高于黑暗培养,蓝光的磷酸盐的消耗量基本大于黑暗培养。其次,通过qPCR技术分析光信号转录因子DlHY5、调控基因DlPAP1及类黄酮途径合成基因DlCHS的表达差异。结果表明蓝光可能通过光信号转录因子DlHY5调控基因DlPAP1的表达,进而调控龙眼类黄酮代谢途径合成基因DlCHS的表达,从而导致类黄酮的积累。