Fungal biodegradation of a phenylurea herbicide,diuron : structure and toxicity of metabolites

Microbial degradation, organic synthesis and ecotoxicology were used to investigate the fate of diuron after spreading on soils. Quantitative biodegradation assays were performed with fungal strains, showing that diuron was degraded but not entirely mineralized. The modifications observed consisted in demethylation of the terminal nitrogen atom. The identified metabolites were synthesized in sufficient amounts to confirm their structures and determine their non‐target toxicity using four biotests. The two metabolites exhibited higher effects than parent diuron. This limited biodegradability and potential aquatic toxicity suggest that diuron is of higher environmental concern than previously recognized. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Study of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell for Portable Application

A technique of fabrication of air electrode for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) is proposed. The investigated air electrode is free of Teflon- containing and with ultra- thin catalyst layer. Catalysts PtRu/C for methanol electroxidation is electrochemically deposited on a Nafion- bonded carbon electrode. A concept, that is, methanol is oxidized at a relatively high potential, is proposed. Such a fabricated DMFC is characterized with a high utilization of noble metals and basically eliminating CO poisoning in operation.     

A Method of Analyzing the Parameter Sensitivity of Large Rotor Systems and Its Application

Based upon the eigenvalue sensitivity theory of non-self-adjoit system and the component mode synthesis method,a new technique is developed to analyze the eigenvalue sensitivity to variation of parameters of large rotor-bearing system. As an application, the influence of the journal bearing parameters on the stability of a large domestic turbine-generator set is analyzed and discussed.     

Discovery of a new gene causing dark green cotyledons and pathway of pigment synthesis in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik)

A new gene is reported which functions as a master gene for synthesis of the pigments determining cotyledon colour in lentil. This gene is different from the two earlier reported genes which are responsible for synthesis of yellow (gene Y) and brown (gene B) pigments. Double recessive homozygous condition of these two genes results into loss of both pigments and, consequently, produces light green cotyledons. The new gene, in contrast, produces dark green cotyledons in recessive condition irrespective of the dominance or recessive state of the Y and B genes. It is hypothesized that the new gene for dark green cotyledon colour (Dg) acts at an earlier stage in the biosynthesis of the two cotyledon-specific pigments, which are derived from a common precursor, whose synthesis is blocked when Dg mutates to its recessive condition. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

高等植物蔗糖代谢研究进展

蔗糖是植物体内重要的能量载体,也是人类食品加工的重要原料。近些年人们在蔗糖代谢的生理学、生物化学、分子生物学等领域取得了很多研究成果。主要针对近些年高等植物蔗糖的合成、转运和降解等代谢过程进行归纳和总结,期望能为今后利用生物工程手段提高植物体内的蔗糖含量提供帮助。     

大田遮阴对夏玉米淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

在大田条件下, 以农大108为试验材料, 采用透光率为50%的遮阴网, 于苗期、穗期和花粒期3个时期分别全天遮阴处理24、28和48 d, 于处理后每隔10 d测定一次淀粉合成关键酶的活性, 并于成熟后测产。结果表明, 遮阴显著降低玉米的生物产量和籽粒产量, 苗期、穗期和花粒期遮阴处理单株生物产量分别较对照(自然光照)降低23.9%、31.4%和38.9%, 籽粒产量分别降低24.6%、35.6%和68.2%。遮阴处理显著降低了籽粒淀粉合成关键酶的活性, 叶片的磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)和籽粒的蔗糖合成酶(SS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和淀粉粒结合淀粉合成酶(GBSS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDPGPPase)活性都显著降低, 但花粒期遮阴影响最显著, 穗期其次, 苗期遮阴影响相对较小。认为大田遮阴使玉米产量和淀粉含量降低, 是由于光合下降, 生物产量降低以及玉米淀粉合成关键酶活性降低, 减少了光合产物向籽粒的运转和分配。     

稻米蛋白质及其组分研究概况及其对稻米品质的影响

稻米蛋白质是决定其食味品质的重要因素,稻米蛋白质含量通常与米饭的食味品质呈显著负相关。作为典型的数量性状,稻米蛋白质含量受环境因素的影响较大。然而,稻米蛋白质含量及其构成的决定机制及环境因素对其的影响等方面还有诸多不明之处,其影响食味品质的机理也不清晰。本文综述了稻米蛋白质的种类、结构及其分布,稻米蛋白质的合成与积累过程以及蛋白质含量的遗传控制和影响因素,概括了稻米蛋白质及其组分含量与稻米品质关系的研究进展,为优质水稻的品种筛选及调优栽培提供参考和借鉴。     

大穗型小麦品种强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累和相关酶活性的比较

在大田条件下, 以两个大穗型小麦品种山农12和PH01-35为材料, 对籽粒发育过程中强、弱势籽粒淀粉积累及其相关酶活性变化进行了比较研究。结果表明, 两品种强势粒直链淀粉积累量和支链淀粉积累量均高于弱势粒。Logistic方程模拟淀粉积累过程, 强势粒淀粉积累起始势(C₀)高, 活跃持续期长, 平均积累速率(R_mean)高, 最终淀粉积累量高。 籽粒蔗糖合酶(SS)、ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、UDPG焦磷酸化酶(UGPase)、可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合酶(GBSS)活性均呈单峰曲线变化, 强势粒上述酶活性均高于弱势粒。花后7~21 d, 弱势粒蔗糖含量明显高于强势粒, 表明弱势粒淀粉积累量低, 并不以其淀粉合成底物的供给为限制因子, 而主要与淀粉合成能力低有关, 同时与籽粒灌浆前期胚乳细胞的数量关系密切。