肉用绵羊生长期甲烷排放特点与预测模型的建立

【目的】通过探索生长期肉用绵羊的甲烷（CH₄）排放规律,旨在建立相关的CH₄预测模型。【方法】采用单因素试验设计,以饲粮NFC/NDF（非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维）为0.78自由采食组的平均日增重作为饲粮NFC/NDF为1.03组和2.17组的限饲标准,在此基础下测定肉用绵羊的生长性能、营养物质消化率和甲烷产量,并分析肉用绵羊不同体重阶段的甲烷产量与饲粮干物质基础下的营养物质含量、营养物质摄入量、可消化营养物质摄入量及营养物质消化率间的回归关系。【结果】预测肉用绵羊生长早期（25—35 kg）CH₄产量的最佳一元和多元回归模型分别为：CH₄（L·d ^-1）= -26.58×NFC/NDF + 92.7（R ² = 0.772,P <0.001）;CH₄ (L·d ^-1)=2.71×NDFD-2.45×DMD-0.97 CPD+124.46（R ²=0.846,P=0.001）。预测肉用绵羊生长后期（48-55 kg）CH₄产量的最佳一元和多元回归模型分别为：CH₄ (L/d)=-57.00×GE (MJ·kg ^-1)+1076.0（R ²=0.581,P=0.002）;CH₄/BW ^0.75(L/kg ^0.75)=-0.013×NDF intake (g/d)-0.13×CP intake (g/d)+0.02×DM intake (g/d)+0.84（R ²=0.652,P=0.019）。而肉用绵羊生长期整体CH₄产量的最佳一元和多元预测模型分别为：CH₄(L/d)=-26.94×NFC/NDF+90.71（R ²=0.655,P <0.001）;CH₄/BW ^0.75(L/kg ^0.75)=0.005×Digestible NDF intake (g·d ^-1)+0.011×Digestible DM intake (g·d ^-1) - 0.097×Digestible CP intake (g·d ^-1)-4.78 （R ²=0.722,P <0.001）。 【结论】建立了肉用绵羊独立生长阶段（25—35 kg、48—55 kg）和整体生长阶段（25—55 kg）的CH₄预测模型。研究表明,处于不同体重阶段的肉用绵羊的最佳甲烷预测因子不尽相同,且甲烷产量受饲粮NFC/NDF影响较大。这可为今后评估我国饲养模式下的甲烷产量提供理论依据,也可为肉用绵羊饲粮的合理配制提供技术参考。     

高丹草+箭筈豌豆混合饲粮对绵羊养分表观消化率和气体代谢的影响

本研究采用单因素完全随机设计,将12只体重相近、体况良好、6月龄的杂交公羊,随机分为两个处理,每个处理6只羊,分别饲喂两种饲粮[单一高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense)饲粮和高丹草与箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa)混合饲粮],分析了以高丹草饲粮为基础添加一定比例箭筈豌豆(高丹草∶箭筈豌豆=2∶1)对牧草表观消化率以及家畜产气的影响。结果表明:以高丹草+箭筈豌豆饲喂羔羊时干物质采食量、中性洗涤纤维和粗蛋白消化率显著高于高丹草组(P <0.05);干物质消化率和酸性洗涤纤维消化率无明显差异(P> 0.05)。说明高丹草与箭筈豌豆组合改善饲粮的适口性,提高了饲草的表观消化率。     

适宜原料压实度改善玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵特性

干发酵原料中固形物含量高,结构疏松,原料的压实度直接关系到发酵罐的利用率和生产成本。为了探讨原料压实度对厌氧干发酵过程的影响,该文以玉米秸秆粉为试验材料,研究了不同固形物含量(TS)条件下原料压实度对厌氧干发酵产气特性及物料特性变化的影响,结果表明:相同TS下,随着压实度的增加,日产气量(基于可挥发性固形物,VS)峰值降低且出峰时间略有滞后;原料压实度对累积产气量、日产气量变化趋势以及甲烷体积分数的影响不明显。基于发酵罐容积计算产气量时,原料压实度与日产气量峰值、累积产气总量以及累积甲烷产量均呈显著正相关。不同TS条件下的原料压实度对厌氧干发酵过程的影响程度不同,TS含量越高原料压实度对产气量的影响越明显。TS为20%和25%时,逐层压实发酵罐的单位容积累积产气量比自然填料罐分别提高了37.1%和60.2%。当发酵料初始TS为20%时,原料压实度的增加可促使物料中形成连续的液相,改善物料层间的传质,从而使发酵料上下层间的差异减小。当发酵料初始TS提高到25%时,原料压实度增加对传质特性无明显影响。综上所述,在该试验研究范围内,提高原料压实度可以保证玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵产气过程的正常进行,且可以显著提高发酵罐的容积利用率。该研究对厌氧干发酵原料压实度与发酵特性之间的关系进行了初步探讨,以期为有效提高厌氧干发酵罐的产能能力提供参考。     

Mathematical Model of Methane Transport in Coal Seam

This paper studies the effects of ground stress and ground electrical field onmethane transpont in coal seam. A gas seepage equation is set up based on the principles of seepagetheory,which takes the ground stress and ground electrical field into considerationz     

猪粪中温半干法连续厌氧发酵产气性能

为改善猪粪在连续型沼气工程中的容积产气效率和降低其进出料过程的热损失,该研究拟采用高浓度和小体积喂料方式进行,将新鲜猪粪分别稀释成总固体质量分数(total solid,TS)为10%、12%和14%3个水平,通过逐级缩短水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)(HRT:25 d→20 d→18.5 d)的方式来改变各组反应器的负荷。试验结果表明,当HRT:25 d时,各组平均日产气量均表现最高,约为460 m L/g,此阶段可获得85%以上的沼气转化效率;当HRT:20d时,各组均获得最大容积产气率,最高达到2.29 L/(L·d)(TS:14%);当HRT下降至18.5 d时,各组产气量均呈下降趋势,表明有机负荷已超出反应器的最大转化能力。通过综合原料产气转化效率和容积产气效率2个指标,发现进料TS为14%和HRT为25 d为较优组合条件。该研究可为在实际沼气工程中如何协调进料浓度和HRT的关系提供参考。     

Cashew nut shell liquid potentially mitigates methane emission from the feces of Thai native ruminant livestock by modifying fecal microbiota

The methane-mitigating potency of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) was evaluated by investigating gas production from batch cultures using feces from Thai native ruminants that had been incubated for different periods. Feces was obtained from four Thai native cattle and four swamp buffaloes reared under practical feeding conditions at the Kasetsart University farm, Thailand. Fecal slurry from the same farm was also included in the analysis. CNSL addition successfully suppressed the methane production potential of feces from both ruminants by shifting short chain fatty acid profiles towards propionate production. Methane mitigation continued for almost 150 days, although the degree of mitigation was more apparent from Day 0 to Day 30. Bacterial and archaeal community shifts with CNSL addition were observed in feces from both ruminants; specifically, Bacteroides increased, whereas Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae decreased in feces to which CNSL was added. Fecal slurry did not show marked changes in gas production with CNSL addition. The findings showed that the addition of CNSL to the feces of ruminants native to the Southeast Asian region can suppress methane emission. Because CNSL can be easily obtained as a byproduct of the local cashew industry in this region, its on-site application might be ideal.     

Effects of medium‐chain fatty acid‐cyclodextrin complexes on ruminal methane production in vitro

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate effects of medium‐chain fatty acid‐cyclodextrin (CD) complexes on ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production, and protozoal activity in vitro. Medium‐chain fatty acid‐CDs used in this study were caprylic acid (C8)‐αCD or ‐βCD, capric acid (C10)‐αCD or ‐βCD, and lauric acid (C12)‐αCD or ‐βCD. A 60‐mL of diluted rumen fluid was incubated anaerobically at 38°C for 6 h with the addition of the complex (10–40 mg as fatty acid). Each of the fatty acid‐CDs reduced the number of protozoa, with the order C10 > C12 > C8, and βCD complexes were more effective than αCD complexes. Molar proportions of acetic acid remained unchanged with the addition of fatty acid‐CD, while that of propionic acid increased, being significant for C8‐αCD and βCD, and C10‐αCD and βCD (P < 0.05). Hydrogen production decreased by about 70% of control with the addition of 40 mg of C8 and C10‐CD, on the other hand, it tended to increase with the addition of C12‐CD in both αCD and βCD. Methane production decreased by about 20% with the addition of 40 mg of complexes, except for C10‐βCD, which significantly reduced methane production by about 60%. In conclusion, the addition of C8 or C10‐CD to ruminant diets may be effective in reducing methane production.     

抑制瘤胃甲烷排放的酵母菌的筛选及培养条件优化

减少瘤胃甲烷排放措施的研究已成为当前的研究热点之一。本研究以酒、面包和畜禽专用酿酒酵母产品为原材料,从中分离到三株酵母菌,将其制成冻干粉,通过体外产气试验,筛选出了一株抑制瘤胃甲烷排放效果最为显著的酵母菌株。然后以该酵母菌株作为研究对象,进行分子生物学鉴定;采用分光光度计比浊法测定该酵母菌株的生长曲线,确定菌体生长规律;并以此为依据,设计单因素试验考察该酵母菌株最适宜的生长条件。结果表明,分离得到的酵母菌株均为酿酒酵母saccharomyces cerevisiae;抑制瘤胃体外甲烷排放效果最显著的1株酵母菌分离自面包中;该酿酒酵母菌株的对数生长期为8～24h,其最佳培养条件为:生长温度30℃,pH 5.5,培养基中葡萄糖的浓度4.0%。     

A short note on linkage between the β- and κ-caseins in the Churra and Manchega ovine breeds

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Mentha piperita L. (MP) dried leaves on the in vitro rumen methanogenesis and fermentation. It was found that after 24 hours of incubations, addition of 16.34 and 23.35 mg of MP to the 233.3 mg of substrate significantly decreased methane emission by 41.52 and 15.51%, respectively. Simultaneously, the MP supplementation exerted no effect on the dry matter digestibility and volatile fatty acid profile. Addition of MP to the ruminants' diet inhibits the methane production without altering the basic parameters of rumen fermentation.