浅谈稻壳的综合利用与开发

阐述了稻壳资源化利用的途径与方法。稻壳的主要成分是纤维素、木质素和二氧化硅。其纤维素可用于制造木糖醇、糠醛、饲料和肥料等;二氧化硅可用于制造高纯二氧化硅、水玻璃和电池材料;利用它的碳、氢元素,通过热解来获得能源。科学开发与利用稻壳,是保护环境,消除白色污染,发展新能源的有效途径。     

硅溶胶浸注-热处理改性橡胶木物理性能初探

采用硅溶胶作为浸注改性液，分析橡胶木经过浸注及浸注-热处理改性后物理性能的变化。结果表明：浸注改性使橡胶木增重率提高约20%，气干密度提高15%，平衡含水率降低6%，径向及弦向气干湿胀率均降低20%左右；而橡胶木浸注-热处理材与热处理材相比，质量损失率降低15%，气干密度提升约15%，平衡含水率降低8%，径向及弦向气干湿胀率则分别降低约5%和20%。     

Estimating Sorption Affinities of Heavy Metals on Humic Acid and Silica using a Constant Capacitance Model

The adsorption of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd ²⁺), cobalt (Co²⁺), nickel (Ni²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), and lead (Pb)] and calcium (Ca²⁺) on humic acid and silica were investigated to understand the adsorptive selectivities of heavy metals on the constituents of soil. The experiments for the adsorption of Cd and Pb were carried out in a 0.1 mol L^?1 (M) sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) background solution, whereas those for the other metals were done in a 0.1 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. The adsorptive affinities of the metal ions on the humic acid and silica were ranked by the intrinsic surface complexation constants [K _m ¹(int)] that were calculated approximately from the adsorptive data using a constant capacitance model. The log [K _m ¹(int)] values of the metals were in the order Zn²⁺(?2.29) > Cd²⁺(?2.41) > Co²⁺(?2.74) > Ni²⁺(?2.92) ?> Ca²⁺ (?3.33) for the humic acid and Zn²⁺(?4.23) > Cd²⁺(?4.49) > Ni²⁺(?4.51) ? Co²⁺ (?5.99) > Ca²⁺(?6.37) for silica.     

乙醇胺改性硅胶吸附剂对模拟沼气中CH_4/CO_2的分离性能

沼气的主要成分是CH4和CO2,有效地去除沼气中的CO2是确保沼气成为优质燃气的必要条件。吸附法是去除沼气中CO2的有效方法,研制性能优良的吸附剂是吸附法研究的核心问题。该文以FNG-II型硅胶为载体,乙醇胺(ethanolamine,MEA)为改性剂,制备了MEA改性硅胶吸附剂,表示为FS-MEA(FNG-II Silica-ethanolamine)。用X射线衍射、N2物理吸附脱附法、热重-差热、红外光谱等手段对吸附材料的结构、比表面积、孔结构、改性后结构变化等进行了分析。通过动态吸附分离试验,考察了FS-MEA对CH4/CO2的分离性能。结果表明:改性方法可将MEA附着在载体内孔表面,制得的FS-MEA可有效地分离CH4/CO2,但经过2次使用再生后,FS-MEA对CH4/CO2的分离性能有所下降,因此必须提高乙醇胺改性硅胶吸附剂的再生性能,才有可能使其应用于沼气提纯。     

黄河口湿地土壤中生物硅的分布与植硅体的形态特征

硅是地壳中重要元素之一,深刻影响着地表物质循环。湿地是全球碳、硅循环和气候变化研究的重要组成部分,然而针对湿地硅循环方面的研究较少。本文分别运用化学提取法和无损提取法,得出了黄河口三角洲湿地地表土壤中生物硅的含量、组成,并对湿地硅的分布特征与影响因素进行了研究。结果发现:黄河口湿地生物硅含量介于2.48~19.3 g/kg之间,并具有冬季高、秋季低的特点;生物硅与颗粒有机碳和颗粒有机氮含量具有显著的正相关关系,表明三者具有相似的来源;生物硅和植物可利用硅之间显著的相关性表明生物硅在土壤硅循环中起着主要作用。土壤中生物硅的含量与距离河道和海岸的长度均呈负相关关系,在生物硅的"距离效应"中海洋的作用较为显著。湿地表层土壤中植硅体的形态丰富,在黄河沿岸分别以哑铃形或突起棒形为主要植硅体形态,这与其植被特点有关;在II区域则主要以平滑棒形为主,且硅藻对生物硅的贡献比例明显增加。I区大部分站位发现的硅藻为圆筛藻,而在II区发现的硅藻主要为月形藻和舟形藻(羽纹硅藻纲),这与湿地水陆相互作用有关。植硅体主要来源于本地植物,是土壤中生物硅的最主要贡献者,同时黄河泥沙携带的来自上游流域的植硅体也对湿地生物硅含量和组成有一定的贡献。黄河口湿地土壤中生物硅的含量和组成受到河流和海洋的共同影响,具有一定的区域特性,并可能对河流和海洋硅循环产生重大影响。     

氨基改性自助装有序多孔二氧化硅的制备及其吸附性能初探

【目的】探讨不同方法制备的三氨基改性自助装有序多孔二氧化硅(3N-APMSs)的吸附性能,为促进自助装有序多孔二氧化硅在重金属吸附领域的应用提供理论依据。【方法】以二乙烯三胺基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(TPDA)为改性剂,通过共聚法和后期接枝法制备出了3N-APMSs,并采用批处理的方法探讨了其对溶液中Cu2+的吸附性能,分析了去离子水、0.01mol/L EDTA溶液和0.1mol/L HCl溶液对3N-APMSs再生的影响。【结果】红外光谱Zeta电位和透射电镜扫描分析显示,成功制备出了3N-APMSs;N2吸附-解吸技术分析表明,经过改性后3NAPMSs的比表面积、平均孔径和孔体积均明显减小。共聚法合成的3N-APMSs对溶液中Cu2+的吸附要慢于后期接枝法制备的3N-APMSs,但经过12h后二者对Cu2+的吸附率均超过99.5%。0.01mol/L EDTA溶液和0.1mol/L HCl溶液是较为合适的3N-APMSs再生剂。【结论】共聚法和后期接枝法均能制备出对Cu2+具有较好吸附能力的3N-APMSs,但共聚法有利于氨基在有序多孔二氧化硅孔隙中的自助装定向排列。3N-APMSs对Cu2+的吸附不是范德华力作用的简单物理吸附过程。     

Exploration of soils developing on volcanic materials on the island of Milos,Greece

The island of Milos (Greece), part of the South Aegean volcanic arc with a typical Mediterranean climate, is covered with volcanic deposits of different ages. The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical and mineralogical properties of the soils developing on these volcanic deposits and their classification. Samples were taken from seven locations of soil on different parent material and of different ages. There were substantial differences in their particle size distribution, with sand ranging from 19% to 92%, silt from 3.5% to 50%, and clay from 5% to 46%. Organic matter content was low (< 2.0%). The soil pH ranged from 5.6 to 8.0. In two of the profiles, CaCO₃ equivalents of 1.4% to 24.6% were found and a calcic horizon identified. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and specific surface area (SSA) varied between profiles ranging from 3 cmol₍₊₎ kg^− 1 to 47 cmol₍₊₎ kg^− 1 and 30 m² g^− 1 to 380 m² g^− 1, respectively. The soils exhibited high base saturation. The amounts of Al, Fe and Si extracted with ammonium oxalate (Αl_o, Fe_o and Si_o) were particularly low (< 0.1%, < 0.17%, and < 0.1%, respectively) which demonstrates the absence of amorphous clay-silicate minerals (allophane). Fe extracted with dithionite citrate bicarbonate — DCB (Fe_d) was greater than Fe_o sharing the dominance of crystalline Fe oxides. Al and Si extracted with hot 0.5 M NaOH (Al₂Ο_3NaOH and SiΟ_2NaOH) and with Τiron-C₆H₄Na₂O₈S₂, (Al₂Ο_3Τ and SiΟ_2Τ). SiΟ_2NaOH and SiΟ_2Τ were particularly high (mean values 3.4% and 4.5%, respectively), showing that amorphous silica was present. The clay fraction of the soil was dominated by the presence of 2:1 (vermiculite and smectite) and 1:1 (kaolinite) clay-silicates. Al_o+ 1/2Fe_o was low (< 0.18%), while the P-retention in most soils was less than 15%. These soils do not exhibit andic properties and hence cannot be classified as Andisols. The silica saturation index (ISS) may be used for these soils to describe a pedogenetic environment rich in Si which favours the formation of pedogenic amorphous silica. The climate is the major determinant of the evolution of these soils.     

Boosting silica levels in wheat leaves reduces grazing by rabbits

Systemic application of sodium silicate can significantly enhance the levels of leaf silica in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Mercia), suggesting that this material could reduce the palatability of plants to vertebrate herbivores (e.g. rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus L.). A bioassay was developed using hydroponically grown wheat plants. Plants treated with sodium silicate were significantly more resistant to grazing by wild rabbits than untreated plants, with severe, potentially lethal feeding damage being reduced by over 50%. Further studies were carried out to develop more practical techniques for boosting silica levels in plants using silicon-rich 'fertilisers' including calcium silicate and calcium silicate slag (CSS). Silica levels were elevated in the plant 1.9-2.8 times over the control through the application of various silicon materials, in line with those of the hydroponic treatment. Encouragingly, levels of silica were elevated even in young wheat plants, which are most vulnerable to rabbit damage, and in a range of wheat varieties. The use of CSS is particularly promising because of its lower cost in comparison with calcium silicate, and it has a proven track record in slag fertilisation of rice and sugar cane crops. At the optimum CSS application rate of 3 g silicon L(-1) soil, wheat silica levels were approximately doubled, with no detrimental impacts on long-term growth or yield.     

介孔活性炭表面改性对两种农用抗生素吸附性能的影响

研究了介孔活性炭通过用硝酸和氨水进行表面改性后对2种农用抗生素——阿维菌素和井冈霉素吸附性能的影响。结果表明:硝酸可增加介孔活性炭表面的酸性亲水基团,从而增加了对亲水性药物井冈霉素的吸附量,但却降低了对疏水性药物阿维菌素的吸附量;但当硝酸质量分数超过55%、温度超过60 ℃时,硝酸的强氧化作用会破坏活性炭的部分孔隙结构,使其对井冈霉素的吸附量有所下降。与之相反,氨水则因减少了介孔活性炭表面的酸性亲水基团而对阿维菌素的吸附量有所上升。利用SAS统计软件进行相关性分析,证实介孔活性炭表面酸性基团数量、尤其是羧基的数量与其对井冈霉素和阿维菌素的吸附量呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.560 2和-0.873 7。由此推断:增加介孔活性炭表面的酸性亲水基团,可以在一定程度上增加活性炭对亲水性药物的吸附量;而增加疏水性基团,则可以增加其对疏水性药物的吸附量。     

混凝土微波促凝技术的试验研究

为了快速预测普通混凝土和掺入硅粉的高性能混凝土的早期强度,增强对混凝土后期强度的控制,进行微波促凝混凝土试验。本试验采用微波加热混凝土的方法,对不同混凝土的促凝机制的试验研究。最后得出最优的微波加热制度,这种微波加热制度使普通混凝土和加入硅粉的高性能混凝土5~6h强度达到28d强度的10%左右。试验表明,采用有效的微波加热的方法,可以提高掺入硅粉的高性能混凝土的早期强度。