Application of long‐chain alcohols as diet‐composition markers in sheep fed on grass–white clover and heather–gorse plant species

Utilization of long‐chain alcohols (LCOH) as diet‐composition markers in sheep consuming six diets composed of improved pasture species (Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) with heather–gorse components (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris and Ulex gallii) was evaluated. Twenty‐four adult cross‐bred sheep were housed in individual stalls. Diet composition was estimated from LCOH concentrations, combined or not with alkanes and long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA) data using least‐squares procedures. Prior to calculations, faecal concentrations were corrected using mean treatment (faecal recovery 1, FR1) recoveries and mean recoveries across diets (FR2). Estimates were compared with those obtained without faecal correction (FR0) and known values. Large differences between plant species and plant parts were found in LCOH patterns and total LCOH concentrations. LCOH provided complementary information to that given by alkanes and LCFA. Even‐chain LCOH comprised the largest fraction, representing on average 0·894 of total concentrations. Faecal recovery was incomplete and tended to increase with carbon‐chain length (CCL) in a curvilinear manner (FR = ?7·872 + 0·580 × CCL ? 0·010 × CCL²; P < 0·001; r² = 0·752). Diet composition influenced (P < 0·001) LCOH recovery, although variability within (CV of 9·0%) and between (CV of 13·3%) diets was low. Accuracy of estimates was influenced (P < 0·001) by faecal‐correction method and markers used, and the best estimate was obtained combining LCOH and alkanes. Improvement in estimate accuracy can be achieved if suitable correction of LCOH faecal concentrations is performed prior to calculations. Results indicated that LCOH showed lower dependence than alkanes and LCFA on the use of accurate faecal‐correction data.     

饲料中不同添加剂组合对锦鲤生长和体色的影响

为研究饲料中不同添加剂组合对锦鲤Cyprinus carpio(初始体质量为195.88 g±0.98 g)生长和体色的影响,并与日本优质锦鲤商品饲料进行增重和增色效果对比,进行了增重和增色两部分试验,其中增重部分以三色锦鲤为研究对象,探讨了试验增重饲料与商品增重饲料对其生长的影响,增色部分以红白锦鲤为研究对象,探讨了试验对比饲料、试验增色饲料和商品增色饲料对其体色的影响,各组均设3个重复,试验周期为60 d,每隔15 d测定锦鲤的生长和体色指标。结果表明:添加L-肉碱、血球蛋白粉、螺旋藻和枯草芽孢杆菌的试验饲料对三色锦鲤的促生长效果与商品增色料无显著性差异(P0.05),但试验饲料具有更低的饲料系数;添加虾青素、螺旋藻和枯草芽孢杆菌的试验饲料对红白锦鲤体色的增艳效果与商品增色料无显著性差异(P0.05);投喂两种试验增色料和商品增色料的锦鲤体表各部位对色素的沉积程度相似。研究表明,采用不同添加剂组合的两种试验饲料与日本优质锦鲤饲料的功效水平相当,能够分别满足对锦鲤快速增重和增色的要求。     

肉用仔鸡最佳日粮配方筛选

在筛选0～10周龄肉用仔鸡最佳日粮配方的饲养代谢试验中,按日粮中蛋白质饲料的特点设9套配方。试鸡为星布罗商品代,每组100只。综合评定出最佳日粮配方:0～4周龄分别为配方1,4,7;末重:522g,541g,527g;饲料增重比:1.99,1.82,2.00.5～10周龄分别为配方1,5,8;末重:2079g,2061g,2005g;饲料增重比;2.99,3.12,3.11。所选最佳日粮配方适合甘肃省广大地区的肉鸡饲养水平和蛋白质饲料特点,可推广应用.     

5—20公斤仔猪及20—35公斤后备猪最佳日粮配方筛选研究

本文为筛选5—20公斤仔猪及20—53公斤后备猪最佳日粮配方的饲养试验。设四种日粮类型:1、亚麻饼型;2、血粉型;3、低菜籽饼型;4、高菜籽饼型。将40头35日龄断奶的甘肃白猪仔猪按随机单位组设计要求分为四组。综合评定结果并选出最佳日粮配方。试验得出的最佳配方为:5—20公斤仔猪阶段—低菜籽饼型日粮配方体系,其平均日增重0.428公斤,饲料增重比1.83:1,64日龄达20公斤活重;20——35公斤后备猪阶段—血粉型日粮配方,其平均日粮增重0.535公斤,饲料增重比2.56:1。在5—10,10—20,20—35公斤阶段可依次分别使用3、4、5%血粉替代适量鱼粉,效果甚佳;并可依次分别使用2、4、9%莱籽饼,效果较好。在10—20公斤阶段,4%菜籽饼和6%亚麻饼合用时效果好。     

Use of the N-alkanes to Estimate Intake,Apparent Digestibility and Diet Composition in Sheep Grazing on Stipa breviflora Desert Steppe

The application of n-alkane as markers to estimate herbage intake, apparent digestibility and species composition of diet consumed by grazing sheep was studied. Six local Mongolian sheep were used to determine dry matter (DM) intake, apparent DM digestibility and species composition of diet during summer, autumn and winter. Animals were orally dosed twice daily with n-alkane gelatin capsules containing 60 mg C₃₂-alkane as an external marker. Diet composition was estimated by comparing the odd-chain n-alkanes pattern profile (C₂₇-C₃₁) of the consumed plant species with the n-alkanes fecal concentrations of grazing animals, using a non-negative least squares algorithm called EATWHAT software package. The alkane pair C₃₂:C₃₃ and C₃₃ alkane were used to estimate DM intake and diet apparent DM digestibility, respectively. The results showed that daily dry matter intake of the sheep were 1.77, 1.61 and 1.18 kg d⁻¹ in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Apparent DM digestibility, crude protein (CP), metabolizable energy (ME) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of diet consumed by sheep decreased significantly (P<0.01) from summer to winter, with no evident changes in ADF and ADL intake. Diet composition indicated Artemisia frigida Willd was the most dominant diet component, contributed 79.68, 68.12 and 86.26% of sheep's diets in summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Cleistogenes songorica Ohwi and Convolvulus ammannii Desr were the important components of the diet. Although Stipa breviflora Griseb is one of the main plant species in the study area, the sheep rarely choosed it. The study indicated that CP and ME in diet consumed by sheep were deficient in winter. Therefore, appropriate supplementation strategies should be indispensable during this period.     

不同氮源日粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】研究3种不同氮源日粮中添加烟酸对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响,为生产实践提供理论依据。【方法】将9只装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的绵羊随机分为3组,每组3只,分别饲喂豆粕、麻饼和尿素-麻饼型基础日粮。通过体外培养法研究添加一定量烟酸后,3种不同氮源日粮在培养0,0.5,1,2,4,8,12,16,20,22h后,培养液中NH3-N和细菌N质量浓度、原虫数、总挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)及乙酸、丙酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸的变化情况。【结果】添加烟酸后,尿素-麻饼型日粮培养液中NH3-N和细菌N质量浓度和原虫数均高于豆粕型日粮,而豆粕型日粮又高于麻饼型日粮,差异显著性随培养时间而变化;尿素-麻饼型日粮NH3-N质量浓度在培养2h达最高,之后下降,在4h后趋于平稳,而细菌N质量浓度在培养0～12h有升高趋势,12～22h又降低,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。豆粕型日粮在培养2h内NH3-N质量浓度升高,之后下降,在培养4h达最低,4h后又缓慢升高;而细菌N质量浓度在0～8h升高,8～22h下降。麻饼型日粮在培养过程中,NH3-N和细菌N质量浓度差异均不显著(P0.05)。3种日粮培养液中原虫数均在培养后4h达最高值,之后有所下降。不同氮源日粮对总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸浓度及乙酸/丙酸的影响差异均不显著(P0.05)。【结论】添加烟酸后,尿素-麻饼型日粮NH3-N利用率较高,产生较多的细菌和原虫,饲喂效果优于其他2种日粮;麻饼型日粮饲喂效果最差。     

不同饲料配方对梨小食心虫生长发育及繁殖的影响

为筛选出适合饲养梨小食心虫的最佳饲料配方,设计了4种不同的人工饲料配方,于26±0.5℃,RH 70%±10%,光照周期15L∶9D,光照强度4800 lx的ZPQ-280B型人工气候箱中,研究了不同饲料配方对梨小食心虫生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,供试4种人工饲料中,配方1(玉米粉75 g、大豆粉75 g、酵母粉30 g、番茄酱198 g、抗坏血酸3 g、胆固醇0.1 g、山梨酸1 g、尼泊金甲酯2 g、琼脂14 g和蒸馏水700 g)的饲养效果最好,用配方1饲养梨小食心虫,其发育历期最短,幼虫至成虫阶段的发育历期为21.09 d;存活率最高,幼虫-成虫阶段的存活率为88.86%;单雌产卵量最多,为50.1粒.♀-1。配方1可用于梨小食心虫的大量人工饲养。     

2020年夏季南极南奥克尼群岛裘氏鳄头冰鱼胃含物组成及食性分析

裘氏鳄头冰鱼（Champsocephalus gunnari）作为南大洋冰鱼科的代表,不仅具有重要的经济价值,同时也是南大洋生态系统中的重要物种。裘氏鳄头冰鱼主要摄食南极磷虾,同时也是高营养级生物的捕食对象。研究裘氏鳄头冰鱼的食性,对于了解南极磷虾种群资源变动,预测高营养级生物的生存和发育至关重要。本研究对南奥克尼群岛裘氏鳄头冰鱼的胃含物分析表明,该鱼种的饵料分为南极磷虾（Euphausia superba）和长脚虫戎（Themisto gaudichaudii）两大类,其中南极磷虾在裘氏鳄头冰鱼食物组成中占绝对优势,其出现频率和数量百分比分别为100%和99.9%;剩余饵料为长脚虫戎。广义线性模型（generalized linear model,GLM）分析结果显示,空间因素（经度）有显著影响,即裘氏鳄头冰鱼摄食南极磷虾的数量与距南奥克尼群岛的距离成正比。裘氏鳄头冰鱼体长-胃含物质量关系为SM = 6.6396×e0.01794L,胃含物质量和日消化量随着体长的增加而增加,而日消化率为0.98% ~2.08%。本研究结果可为了解裘氏鳄头冰鱼摄食生态学提供基础信息,为南奥克尼群岛裘氏鳄头冰鱼资源养护提供参考。     

环保型饲粮对生长猪生长性能和养分排泄量的影响

为研究低蛋白质饲粮添加植酸酶、非淀粉多糖酶(NSP)和氨基酸微量元素对生长猪生长性能、养分排泄量的影响,选用90头平均初始体重为(41.92±2.6)kg的杜长大三元杂交猪,分为5组,设置1组为对照组,试验组采用低蛋白饲粮,试验2组为添加植酸酶处理;试验3组为添加氨基酸微量元素+植酸酶处理,试验4组为添加植酸酶+NSP酶处理,试验5组为添加氨基酸微量元素+植酸酶+NSP酶,试验期38d。结果表明,试验2组平均日增重、料重比分别比1组提高7.64%和1.94%(P0.05),其余各组间差异不显著(P0.05);粪N浓度2、3、4、5组比1组分别降低18.58%、20.65%、23.01%和21.24%(P0.05);粪P浓度2、3、4、5组比1组分别降低40.23%、38.31%、39.08%和39.85%(P0.01);粪Cu、Fe浓度2、3、4、5组与1组相比极显著降低(P0.01);粪Zn浓度2、3、4、5组与1组相比显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,低蛋白质饲粮添加植酸酶处理,能显著提高生长猪平均日增重,显著减少粪中氮、锌含量,极显著减少粪磷、铜、铁含量;在此基础上,继续应用氨基酸微量元素等量替代相应的无机硫酸盐及添加NSP酶均对生长猪生长性能和粪中养分含量的影响差异不显著。     

棉仁(籽)饼—玉米型肉仔鸡饲粮的研究

用LOHMANN品种肉仔鸡608只进行两次试验,研究了棉仁(籽)饼—玉米型饲粮的应用问题,单因子设计。第一次试验给饲八种试粮:(1)、棉仁饼(CSM)为0,游离棉酚(FG)为0;(2)、CSM为7.5%,FG为111ppm;(3)、(2)+亚铁离子(Fe~(++))111ppm;(4)、CSM为15.0%,FG222ppm;(5)、(4)+F~(++)222ppm;(6)CSM为30％,FG为444ppm;(7)、(6)+Fe(++)444ppm;(8)、(6)+L—赖氨酸(Lys)。第二次试验给饲4种试粮:(9).CSM:大豆饼(SBM)=20:80,粉料;(10).CSM:SBM=50:50,粉料;(11).CBM:SBM=100:0,粉料;(12)、(11),颗粒料。结果:(1)、CSM配比为0—7.5—15.0—30.0%,FG为0—111—222—444ppm时,不经任何脱毒处理,各组49日龄增重(分别为1779.3—1853.8—1861.3—1819.0克)、累积耗料(分别为3978—4217—4208—4158克)、耗料比(分别为2.24—2.27—2.26—2.29)等均未随FG水平提高而产生有规律的明显差异;鸡肝脏残留FG均在安全水平以下;氰化高铁血红蛋白(CNMHb)在正常生理范围以内。(2)、日粮FG为111—222—444ppm时,分别添加111—222—444ppm的Fe~(++)后,对试粮各项生产指标、能量代谢率、蛋白质表现存留率、鸡肝脏残留FG水平、血液CNMHb量均未发生明显影响。(3)、当CSM:SBM分别为20:80、50:50、100:0,构成等蛋白质(%),不等能量浓度(不以饲料脂肪调整)的试粮,试鸡各项生产指标差异均不显著(P>0.05)。(4)、CSM配比为30%时,添加L—Lys,将Lys:精氨酸(Arg.)由1:1.6～1.7调整为1:1.2。结果,Lys:Arg.平衡组(为1:1.2时)试鸡49日龄体重明显较高,但累积耗料量、耗料比,试粮能量代谢率、蛋白质表观存留率差异均不显著(P>0.05)。(5)、用棉仁饼100%地取代豆饼的低能量浓度试粮,经颗粒加工后,其饲料进食量,增重量明显提高。