施坡缕石对红芪田土壤氮、磷转化及分布的影响

通过研究施用坡缕石后对氮、磷在红芪田土壤中的形态转化和迁移规律的影响,以期为坡缕石在中药材栽培中的应用提供理论依据。结果表明：0-20 cm土层,1 500 kg/hm^2和2 250 kg/hm^2用量的坡缕石和氮磷钾肥配施后会在9月份分别较单施氮磷钾肥处理提高30.50%和20.23%的NH4^＋-N含量。2 250 kg/hm^2用量的坡缕石和氮磷钾肥配施后会在7、8、9月份分别较单施氮磷钾肥处理提高24.62%,14.01%,20.37%的NO3^--N含量。2 250 kg/hm^2用量和750 kg/hm^2用量的坡缕石与氮磷钾肥配施后会在8月份分别较单施氮磷钾肥处理提高20.30%和20.50%的速效磷含量。坡缕石和氮磷钾肥配合施用后会对0-20 cm土层的速效氮、磷养分起到保肥的作用。     

坡缕石包衣缓释肥对油菜经济性状及生理指标的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了坡缕石包衣肥的增产及缓释效应.结果表明:施用坡缕石包衣的磷酸二铵225kg.hm-2后,油菜有效结角数和经济产量分别较对照提高了2.27%和255.33%;油菜后复种小麦,施用坡缕石包衣肥300 kg.hm-2后,小麦生物产量比对照增加了57.67%.在油菜生育后期,施用坡缕石包衣肥后油菜叶绿素、蛋白质、可溶性糖含量均较对照高,丙二醛含量较对照低,说明施用坡缕石包衣肥可提高生育后期油菜的抗衰老性和抗逆性,缓释效果较好.     

凹凸棒土－腐植酸复合体对Ｐｂ（Ⅱ）的吸附特性及机理研究

通过吸附实验,研究了凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性及机理.结果表明,复合体对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量显著高于各自单一的吸附量;当pH>4,凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量有所增加,这与其等电点有关;凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体较凹凸棒土上Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸率小,且解吸率随Pb(Ⅱ)吸附浓度升高而降低;凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体溶液中溶解态腐植酸的量较单-腐植酸溶液有显著增加;红外光谱(IR)表明凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体在吸附Pb(Ⅱ)后,大虽特征峰变宽或消失,而腐植酸吸附Pb(Ⅱ)后仍可发现羟基等基团特征峰,说明腐植酸、凹凸棒土-腐植酸复合体的某些表面基团虽然相同,但混合物的基团更易与Pb(Ⅱ)结合.     

钝化修复对不同水稻品种镉累积效应及土壤特性的影响

为了探讨坡缕石钝化修复下不同水稻品种(T优272和丰优9号)吸收累积Cd差异,采用盆栽试验,研究了酸性Cd污染稻田土(PL1、PL2和PL3处理)对2种水稻品种重金属Cd累积效应,以及对土壤酶活性、氮磷有效性的影响。结果表明,种植的常规水稻品种T优272稻谷干物质量比低Cd吸收品种丰优9号高7.91%。坡缕石钝化修复下,T优272与丰优9号稻谷干物质量无显著差异,但土壤p H值分别较CK增加了0.33~0.46和0.40~0.53。与CK相比,PL1F、PL2F和PL3F处理土壤有效态Cd质量分数最大降低13.59%,稻米Cd质量分数降幅达20.51%~51.28%,其中PL3F处理的稻米Cd质量分数为0.19 mg/kg,低于食品安全国家标准限量值(0.20 mg/kg);PL1T、PL2T和PL3T处理土壤有效态Cd质量分数最大降低25.08%,糙米Cd质量分数最大降低37.50%,其中PL3T处理糙米Cd质量分数为0.35 mg/kg。土壤酶活性随着坡缕石添加量的增加而逐渐升高,而且种植T优272品种的土壤酶活性总体上高于丰优9号。随着坡缕石添加量的增加,钝化修复各处理间土壤碱解氮质量分数无显著差异,但土壤有效磷质量分数呈逐渐降低趋势;与CK相比,种植丰优9号和T优272品种的土壤有效磷质量分数分别降低了7.08%~18.08%和9.02%~19.59%。研究结果可为重金属Cd污染酸性水稻田土壤坡缕石钝化与低Cd吸收水稻品种联合修复提供一定的科学依据。     

凹凸棒石改性甘蔗渣/麦秸木质陶瓷制备与性能

为资源化利用甘蔗渣和麦秸等废弃物,以甘蔗渣、麦秸以及凹凸棒石为原料,以酚醛树脂为黏结剂,采用混合后热压再烧结的工艺制备凹凸棒石改性甘蔗渣/麦秸木质陶瓷,试验制备出了各温度点下的木质陶瓷材料并对其真密度、体积密度、显气孔率、抗弯强度、电阻率等性能进行了测试,对该材料的性能、形成机理及规律进行了分析,初步揭示了原料选择、原料配比、温度等参数对制备过程及材料性能的影响。试验结果证明了通过该工艺用甘蔗渣（麦秸）和凹凸棒石制备木质陶瓷的可行性,同时也表明烧结温度对材料性能影响很大,坯体在700～800℃保护气氛下煅烧可提高传统木质陶瓷的强度而不影响木质陶瓷导电性。试验为甘蔗渣（麦秸）等植物残渣以及凹凸棒石的利用提供了新的途径。     

改性坡缕石对肉鸭日粮中黄曲霉毒B1的去毒作用及机理

通过体外和体内试验研究了改性坡缕石对肉鸭日粮中黄曲霉毒素B1的去毒作用.体外试验表明与坡缕石相比,改性坡缕石对黄曲霉毒素B1的吸附率更强.480羽1日龄樱桃谷商品代肉鸭,按饲养试验要求随机分为4组1)对照组为基础日粮;2)基础日粮+0.25%改性坡缕石;3)霉变玉米50%代替基础日粮中的玉米,使黄曲霉毒素B1前期为50μg/kg,后期为55μg/kg;4)第3组日粮+0.25%改性坡缕石.结果表明与对照组相比,添加0.25%改性坡缕石对肉鸭生长性能、组织和血清黄曲霉毒素B1含量、内脏器官相对质量、血清生化指标均无显著影响.然而,霉变玉米使肉鸭生长性能显著降低,使胸肌、肝脏、肾脏、血清黄曲霉毒素B1含量以及肝脏率、肾脏率、胰脏率、血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、淀粉酶水平显著提高;使血清总蛋白、白蛋白、尿酸水平显著降低.联合饲喂霉变玉米/改性坡缕石可使肉鸭生长性能、组织器官和血清黄曲霉毒素B1含量、内脏器官相对质量、血清生化指标均恢复至对照组水平.上述结果提示,改性坡缕石对肉鸭日粮中黄曲霉毒素B1具有较好的去毒作用.     

利用粘粒矿物修复重金属污染农业土壤研究进展

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils poses risks and hazards to humans.The remediation of heavy metal-polluted soils has become a hot topic in environmental science and engineering.In this review,the application of clay minerals for the remediation of heavy metal-polluted agricultural soils is summarized,in terms of their remediation effects and mechanisms,influencing factors,and future focus.Typical clay minerals,natural sepiolite,palygorskite,and bentonite,have been widely utilized for the in-situ immobilization of heavy metals in soils,especially Cd-polluted paddy soils and wastewater-irrigated farmland soils.Clay minerals are able to increase soil pH,decrease the chemical-extractable fractions and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils,and reduce the heavy metal contents in edible parts of plants.The immobilization effects have been confirmed in field-scale demonstrations and pot trials.Clay minerals can improve the environmental quality of soils and alleviate the hazards of heavy metals to plants.As main factors affecting the immobilization effects,the pH and water condition of soils have drawn academic attention.The remediation mechanisms mainly include liming,precipitation,and sorption effects.However,the molecular mechanisms of microscopic immobilization are unclear.Future studies should focus on the long-term stability and improvement of clay minerals in order to obtain a better remediation effect.     

柱淋滤-巯基改性坡缕石钝化组合对弱碱性土壤镉铅污染控制效应

为研究弱碱性土壤镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)污染的控制技术,本文开展室内柱淋滤和巯基改性坡缕石钝化试验,探究柱淋滤-钝化组合对弱碱性土壤Cd和Pb污染控制效应。结果表明,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)对弱碱性土壤Cd和Pb的淋滤效果优于谷氨酸二乙酸(GLDA),适宜淋滤浓度为3 mmol·L^-1。其中,EDTA、EDDS对土壤中Cd和Pb的总淋出率分别为58.60%和30.60%、44.78%和24.33%。随淋滤液体积的增加,淋出液pH值均逐渐增加,在淋出液体积为400 mL后逐渐趋于稳定。与原土相比,采用H2O、EDTA、GLDA和EDDS淋滤后,土壤中DTPA提取态Cd和Pb含量分别降低32.09%和16.08%、67.16%和33.64%、33.58%和18.93%、75.37%和51.15%。淋滤后土壤经0.3%巯基改性坡缕石(MPAL)钝化后DTPA提取态Cd和Pb浓度显著降低,与H2O+MPAL组合处理相比,EDTA+MPAL、GLDA+MPAL和EDDS+MPAL组合处理后土壤中DTPA提取Cd和Pb含量降低率分别为98.26%和48.01%、97.88%和45.80%、98.26%和55.59%。巯基改性坡缕石钝化可将土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd和Pb转变为稳定的铁锰氧化态Cd和Pb。研究表明:EDDS+MPAL组合效果较好,可显著降低土壤Cd和Pb总量和可交换态Cd和Pb含量,实现对弱碱性中重度Cd和Pb污染土壤重金属总量减少和有效态含量降低的减总降效双重控制作用。     

坡缕石钝化与喷施叶面硅肥联合对水稻吸收累积镉效应影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了坡缕石钝化与喷施叶面硅肥联合处理对水稻吸收累积Cd效应的影响。试验结果表明,单独喷施叶面硅肥能够增加水稻产量,可以不同程度地降低水稻地上部Cd含量及Cd从根系向地上部的转运能力。与空白对照相比,糙米、颖壳和秸秆中Cd含量最大可分别降低34.9%、30.1%和34.0%,且在水稻不同生育期喷施硅肥对Cd在地上部累积的抑制效果依次为分蘖期+齐穗期分蘖期齐穗期。盆栽试验中添加1.0%的坡缕石后能够显著降低土壤中Cd的生物有效性,糙米、颖壳、秸秆以及根系中Cd含量分别比空白对照降低39.5%、28.6%、35.3%和20.9%。坡缕石钝化处理并联合在水稻分蘖期和齐穗期分别喷施0.1%~0.4%叶面硅肥结果表明,钝化处理与叶面阻Cd联合能更加有效地降低水稻地上部对Cd的吸收,其中稻米、颖壳和秸秆中重金属Cd含量最大分别可降低58.1%、63.3%和68.7%,糙米中Cd含量可由对照的0.43 mg·kg-1降到低于稻谷Cd的食品安全国家标准限量值0.20 mg·kg-1以下,但对根系中重金属Cd的含量降低仅为17.8%,与坡缕石单一钝化相比无显著差异。     

Evaluation of palygorskite on pellet quality,growth, antioxidant status and mineral contents of Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis)

This study evaluated the palygorskite inclusion effects on the pellet quality, growth, antioxidant status and mineral contents of Chinese mitten crabs. Crabs (n = 640; initial average weight, 1.36 ± 0.02 g) were allocated into four groups with eight replicates of twenty crabs. A basal diet supplemented with 0, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg palygorskite was fed to crabs for 8 weeks respectively. Results exhibited that dietary addition of palygorskite enhanced the pellet process electrical energy consumption, improved the hardness and durability (p < .05), reduced percentage of fines and dissolved weight loss of pellets (30, 60, 120, 240, 480 min; p < .05) in the water. Crabs had no differences on the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, abdominal meat ratio and edible viscera index among the groups (p > .05). Palygorskite inclusion decreased the MDA contents of edible viscera and abdominal meat (p < .05) of Chinese mitten crabs. The ether extract contents of edible viscera in palygorskite inclusion groups were lower than that of the control group (p < .05) in Chinese mitten crabs. Furthermore, palygorskite addition linearly increased the Fe level in the edible viscera and reduced tissue Pb and Cr (p < .05) accumulations of Chinese mitten crabs. In conclusion, palygorskite inclusion could improve pellet quality, enhance the antioxidant capacity and Fe content of edible viscera, decrease the edible viscera ether extract level and tissue Pb and Cr accumulations without impairing the growth performance of Chinese mitten crabs, but increased the electrical energy consumption of pelleting.