Resistance monitoring in codling moth: a need for standardization

BACKGROUND: A wide range of methods has been used for monitoring resistance in Cydia pomonella L. However, the results from specific tests are not always concordant and they generate doubts over the extent to which the data represent the field situation. Therefore, the variability in the expression of resistance mechanisms and in resistance ratios between developmental stages and their reliability in a field situation were studied. RESULTS: Neonate larvae showed the highest insecticide resistance, except to spinosad. Resistance ratios were from 2 to 9.5, depending on the insecticide and the strain tested, when compared with the susceptible strain. Spinosad exhibited the highest resistance ratio for diapausing larvae (4.4, 12.2 and 4.4 for Raz, Rdfb and RΔ strains, respectively). Enzymatic ratios were higher in adults than in neonates or diapausing larvae, and the highest enzymatic ratios were observed for mixed‐function oxidases (7.3–36.7 for adults of resistant strains). CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of different instars depends on the insecticides used, and there is a differential expression of resistance mechanisms between stages. For the population considered in this study, tests on neonates provided the most consistent results to the field situation, but adult response to chlorpyrifos‐ethyl and azinphos‐methyl in the laboratory was also consistent with the field results. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biochemical and histological alterations of cellular metabolism from jerboa (Jaculus orientalis) by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Effects on d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) is one of the widely used herbicide of the phenoxy family with possible startling number of adverse effects on species other than the weeds which is designed to kill. The effects of 2,4D were investigated in jerboa (Jaculus orientalis), a wild animal of subdesert highlands. The jerboas have been daily treated intraperitonally with 2,4D 3 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks. Plasmatic markers, and antioxidants defences systems were assessed and histological alterations were evaluated. The in vivo and in vitro effects of 2,4D on the mitochondrial d-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) were also determined. Our results showed a strong decrease of triglycerides level and HDL cholesterol and an increase in GOT level and LDL cholesterol. The microscopic evaluation showed that 2,4D induced necrosis of seminiferous tubules cells in testis, hyperplasia of hepatocytes in liver and presence of multinucleated giant cells in brain. The results show also an inhibitory effect on BDH in terms of activity and kinetic parameters. All of these results show that 2,4D induces toxicity which affects energy metabolism, morphological perturbation and oxidative stress.     

Induction of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and its influence on acaricide toxicity

Detoxification by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases is an important mechanism involved in pesticide resistance in insects and mites. The activity of these enzymes can be induced by a variety of chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six P450 inducers (phenobarbital, barbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, geraniol, isosafrole, pentamethylbenzene), known to have an inducing activity in insects and mammals, on the O-deethylation activity in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Treatment with barbital, phenobarbital and geraniol resulted in a dose-dependent increase in activity. Neither 3-methylcholanthrene, isosafrole nor pentamethylbenzene were effective inducers. Time course studies showed that induction by geraniol and barbital started rapidly within a period of 1-4 h after initiation of the treatment, while maximal activity was reached within 4 and 48 h, respectively. In addition, it was shown that induction with xenobiotic compounds can alter the monooxygenase-mediated acaricide tolerance in a susceptible strain of T. urticae. Although barbital induced higher levels of P450 activity, geraniol proved to be a better compound to decrease toxicity of the tested acaricides.     

利用响应面法优化鳗弧菌载体疫苗MVAV6203A-1冷冻干燥保护剂配方

应用单因素试验、复合保护剂组合试验和响应面分析法,对鳗弧菌载体疫苗MVAV6203A-1冷冻干燥的保护剂配方进行筛选和优化。试验结果表明,众多保护剂中半乳糖、海藻糖和脱脂牛奶的组合使用,能够显著提高细胞对冷冻干燥环境的耐受力。以冻干后的细胞存活率为响应值,响应面法优化的结果为:半乳糖4.6%、海藻糖2.3%、脱脂牛奶10.2%,以优化的最佳配方进行的3次重复冻干试验,细胞平均存活率可达77.3%。优化的保护剂配方适用于鳗弧菌载体疫苗的冻干生产。     

Lipid peroxidation,protein oxidant and antioxidant status of muscle and serum for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed grade levels of methionine hydroxy analogue

Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and antioxidant status of serum and muscle in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) fed graded levels of methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA: 0, 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, 12.7, 15.3 g kg^?1 diet) for 60 days were investigated. Both malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl content in serum and muscle decreased with increasing dietary MHA level up to 5.1–10.2 g kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). Anti‐hydroxyl radical and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in muscle and serum, as well as anti‐superoxide anion, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content in serum, increased with optimal MHA supplement (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, glutathione‐S‐transferase activity in serum showed a downward trend with dietary MHA up to 7.6 g kg^?1 diet (P < 0.05). These results indicated that MHA improved antioxidant status and depressed lipid and protein oxidation in serum and muscle.     

Enzymes from the gut bacteria of Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua and their influence on intestinal enzyme activity

Gut‐associated bacteria of fish are known to produce enzymes which aid in digestion. The presence and activities of these bacteria in cold‐water fishes like Atlantic cod are less known. Therefore, we have characterized the activities of extracellular enzymes of GP21 (Pseudomonas sp.) and GP12 (Psychrobacter sp.), two bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic cod. Additionally, we examined if these bacteria when delivered through feeds could influence the activity of selected intestinal enzymes. GP21 was able to produce amylase, chitinase, cellulase and protease, whereas GP12 could produce only chitinase and protease. These enzymes were produced extracellularly and they were found to be catalytically active at acidic conditions (pH 2–5) and at temperatures ranging from 15 to 30 °C. Orally delivered bacteria could possibly influence the activity of intestinal enzymes after 40 days, rather than after 20 days of feeding. Thus GP21 and GP12, the potential probiotic organisms, could support digestion in Atlantic cod.     

Aflatoxin B1 induced alterations in the stability of the lysosomal membrane in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)

This article elucidates the effect of crude dietary aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) on the stability of the lysosomal membrane in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), and the analysis was made at the biochemical and cellular level. The liver lysosomal acid phosphatase activity was used to evaluate the functional integrity of the lysosome. Three experimental groups were fed on diets containing 0.375, 2.5 and 6 mg kg^?1 of AFB₁ for a time period of 6 weeks, whereas a fourth group fed on the semi‐purified diet formed the control. Significant changes were observed in the stability of the lysosomal membrane in aflatoxin exposed groups. This is the first report, so far, of changes induced by AFB₁ on the stability of lysosomal membrane in tilapia (O. mossambicus).     

稀盐盐生植物盐角草对盐胁迫生理响应的初步研究

[目的]分析盐胁迫下盐角草生长特性指标和抗逆性指标的变化,初步研究盐角草对盐胁迫的耐盐机理.[方法]用不同浓度的NaC1对盐角草进行盐胁迫处理,常规方法测定盐角草的湿重、干重、含水率、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、脯氨酸含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量.[结果]随着NaCl浓度的不断增加,盐角草湿重、干重和含水率均呈先升后降再升趋势,最适生长浓度为100mmol/L;叶绿素含量先降后升;SOD活性总体呈先升后降,POD活性和CAT活性则是先降后升再降,三者相互协调发挥作用;脯氨酸含量、MDA含量呈先升后降态势,且盐处理后的均较对照的高.[结论]盐角草的抗氧化酶活性,尤其是SOD活性是盐胁迫的敏感指标,反应了盐角草独特的耐盐机理.     

基于防御酶活性分析准噶尔乌头拮抗内生菌对玉米斑点病菌的抑制作用

[目的]活体水平验证新疆准噶尔乌头(Aconitum soongaricum Stapf)拮抗内生细菌XJAS-ZB-14代谢物对两种玉米斑点病菌的抑制活性.[方法]做活体实验,制备玉米叶片酶粗提物,测定叶片总蛋白含量,对比分析来自不同处理组酶粗提液的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APx)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗病相关防卫酶系活性变化.用Graphpad Prism 5.0统计软件在α=0.01水平进行单因素方差分析.[结果]不同处理组玉米叶片总蛋白含量和各防御酶活性呈不同的变化趋势,XJASZB-14代谢物对玉米大斑病菌和玉米小斑病菌的防效率分别达32.48;和65.16;.[结论]该菌株发酵液有对玉米大、小斑点病菌有较强的抑杀作用.在玉米大、小斑点病菌的生物防治中具有较好的应用价值.     

GFP叶绿体转化烟草茎叶降解对土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性的影响

以GFP叶绿体转基因烟草及对照烟草(非转基因烟草)为材料,在实验室条件下研究了叶绿体转基因烟草及对照烟草(非转基因烟草)在茎叶降解过程中及完全降解后对土壤微生物主要类群(细菌、真菌、放线菌)的影响,并对相关的土壤酶活性进行了分析.结果表明,在烟草茎叶降解过程中及完全降解后:(1)叶绿体转基因烟草及对照烟草(非转基因烟草)对微生物的数量影响不显著;(2)土壤微生物总量相比为细菌>放线菌>真菌;(3)叶绿体转基因烟草茎叶降解对土壤酶活性没有显著影响;(4)GFP基因没有水平转移到土壤微生物基因组中.以上结果显示GFP叶绿体转化烟草茎叶降解对土壤微生物数量及土壤酶活性没有显著的影响.