关于水土保持工作的定位、经验与建议

通过介绍水土保持工作的属性特点、地域特点和工作特点,明确了水土保持工作的定位。根据西北黄土区考察情况,认为目前应大力推广的水土保持主要措施有:一矿一企,治理一山一沟;退耕还草,围栏封育+轮牧;生态移民+计划生育;搞好水土保持生态旅游。结合考察中干部群众的意见,提出几点建议:一是加大水土保持的投资力度;二是尽快制定并出台有关能源开发与环境治理补偿政策;三是充分考虑有关水土保持政策措施的长期性、稳定性、配套性等特点;四是加强水土保持科研工作。     

十年奋战治水土 百里荒山披绿装

本文为中央农村工作领导小组调查组对江西省兴国县水土保持工作进行实地调查后写的调查报告.国务院副总理姜春云同志对该调查报告批示:“印发全国水土保持工作会议与会同志参阅”.     

Nutrient–drug interactions in nutritional support

Abstract Objective: To review the types and potential consequences of diet/nutrient–drug interactions that can occur in patients receiving nutritional support. Data sources: A literature review was performed using Ovid multi‐database searching including Medline, Agricola and Biosis. Summary: Although very little information is currently available that pertains specifically to veterinary patients, we know from the human experience that food intake and diet composition can affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, efficacy and toxicity of a drug. Conversely, certain drugs can alter the absorption of nutrients when administered in conjunction with food or act to antagonize nutrient metabolism or function. The different ways that incompatibility can arise between food or nutrients and drugs in patients receiving nutritional support and strategies for avoiding these problems are discussed. Conclusions: The consequences of diet/nutrient–drug interactions include decreased tolerance of nutritional support, loss of feeding access, decreased drug efficacy, nutrient malabsorption or malassimilation, and risk of drug overdosage. Therefore, when patients receiving nutritional support experience these types of complications, a review of the diet, route of nutritional support, drugs, and timing of feeding and medication administration are indicated.     

Elderly visitors of an urban park,health anxiety and individual awareness of nature experiences

There is increasing evidence of a positive relation between green spaces in people's living environment and self-reported indicators of physical and mental health. However, to this moment health anxiety has not been contextualized in the light of the restorative and anxiolytic experiences of urban nature nor has it been studied in reference to the awareness of nature experiences. We aimed to determine whether “awareness of nature experiences” was a significant modifier of the beneficial effects of interaction of older citizens with urban green spaces. This construct represents the purposeful and conscious interaction with nature, a specific behaviour pre-formed as a cognitive representation of the “self” in a natural context, providing an internal replica of the previously experienced external natural world which guides people when they choose to visit an urban park. A cross-sectional interview study was conducted amongst 97 elderly visitors of “Tzar Simeon Garden” Park in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. After controlling for “awareness of nature experiences”, hierarchical multiple regression model accounted for 94% of the variance in health anxiety. The independent variables “appreciation of bird songs”, “appreciation of vegetation”, “weekly visits to the park” and “years of visiting the park” remained significant, but their power decreased, and “age” became non-significant predictor. The overall predictive capacity of the model rose significantly after “awareness of nature experiences” was added. In conclusion, health anxiety among Bulgarian elderly adults is somewhat higher than in other similar populations but still does not exceed acceptable levels. The actual interaction and experiences of the park were predictors of health anxiety independent from confounding factors. Their power, however, was to some extent dependent on individual “awareness of nature experiences”, which had unique contribution to the model.     

《果树育种学》课程建设和教学中的经验与措施

针对果树园艺方向的重要专业课——《果树育种学》,就该门课程建设和教学过程的经验体会,主要从教学理念、师资队伍、人才培养目标、教学内容、教学方法、实践设施、科研影响几个方面进行了分析介绍,认为在教学过程中,树立先进的教学理念和采用正确的方法措施,是保证教学质量的前提.     

不同取食经历的棉铃虫幼虫对糖和肌醇的味觉电生理反应

利用单感受器记录技术测定了不同取食经历的棉铃虫幼虫对糖和肌醇的电生理反应,以分析昆虫味觉细胞的可塑性.研究结果表明,(1)连续多代取食含量约39 mmol.L-1蔗糖的标准人工饲料的棉铃虫幼虫下颚中栓锥感器和侧栓锥感器对阿拉伯糖、海藻糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖均产生明显的脉冲反应,但中栓锥感器对海藻糖和葡萄糖的反应频率显著高于侧栓锥感器,表明中栓锥感器内存在海藻糖和葡萄糖敏感细胞.(2)直接从田间采集的野生棉铃虫幼虫中栓锥感器对阿拉伯糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和肌醇脉冲反应的反应频率显著高于室内种群的反应频率,但2种群对海藻糖的反应频率没有显著差异,表明幼虫对海藻糖的反应机制不同于对蔗糖、肌醇和其他糖的反应机制.(3)连续多代取食标准人工饲料的棉铃虫幼虫中栓椎感器对阿拉伯糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和肌醇的电生理反应被抑制,但是当下一代幼虫取食不含蔗糖的人工饲料后,幼虫对这4种糖的反应频率恢复到野生种群的水平,而对肌醇的反应强度继续被抑制,表明幼虫对肌醇的反应机制不同于对阿拉伯糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖的反应机制.这些结果表明幼虫前期取食经历能够显著影响后代对不同糖及肌醇的电生理反应,但是不同糖之间、糖与肌醇之间的反应机制存在差异.     

国外林业可持续发展的经验及其对我国的启示

分别介绍了德、英、美、日等国家在林业可持续发展方面具有可资我国借鉴的许多先进经验。根据国外的先进经验,提出了建立和完善我国林业发展的新机制,更好、更快地推动和真正实现我国林业的可持续发展。     

“互联网+”现代农业发展模式的国际比较与借鉴

基于文献检索及专家技术前瞻,归纳总结了国外主要国家"互联网+"现代农业的典型模式和前沿技术,探讨了其对中国的经验借鉴。结果表明,目前国外形成了美国全程全网化精准农业、荷兰工厂化设施物联网、德国技术创新驱动型"互联网+"农机智造、日本适度规模经营型精细化农业、韩国服务引领型"互联网+"农技推广和印度软件产业主导型信息服务等6种典型的"互联网+"现代农业发展模式。伴随大数据、人工智能、移动互联网等技术的发展,农业传感器、农业航空植保,农业机器人三大前沿技术将成为主导"互联网+"现代农业发展的重要技术力量,其发展特征将呈现集成化、专业化、网络化、实用化、普及化。结合国外在"互联网+"现代农业发展中强化政府引导、重视政府投入和法制法规建设、推进服务主体多元化和服务内容多样化以及突出产学研联合等四方面的经验,未来我国可通过技术创新、业态创新和模式创新驱动"互联网+"现代农业发展。