基于最大熵的河流水质恢复能力模

利用最大熵原理、模糊集合论和河流水质恢复能力评价标准,为河流水质恢复能力综合评价提出了一种新的方法—基于最大熵的模糊评价法（FAME）。FAME综合考虑河流水质恢复能力评价的随机性和模糊性,定义加权广义距离表征待评价水体样本与标准样本的差异;把多维评价样本指标综合为一维指标值。根据隶属度值的大小对水体样本集进行统一评价,从而解决了各单项评价指标评价结果不一致问题,提高了河流水质恢复能力综合评价问题各层次的分辨力。通过实例研究,并对比遗传投影寻踪方法,验证了本方法的合理性和有效性。     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失过程试验研究

弃土弃渣是工程建设产生的最主要地面组成物质之一.采用野外放水冲刷试验方法,对黄河班多水电站工程区弃土弃渣水土流失过程进行了研究.(1)不同供水流量下,产流率随供水过程的动态变化整体呈增长趋势,可用幂函数方程描述,开始产流后的5 min内产流过程的变化幅度较大,随后较为平缓,并趋于基本稳定;(2)不同供水流量下,产沙率随供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述,小流量下变化过程波动较小,大流量下变化幅度较大;(3)不同供水流量下,含沙量随着供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述.各流量下的变化趋势基本一致;(4)次产流深、次产沙模数皆随供水流量的增大而增加,增加趋势基本相同,皆可用对数相关方程描述.平均含沙量随供水流量的增大先增加后减小,临界值为7.17 L/min,可用抛物线相关方程描述;(5)次产沙模数随次产流深的增大而增加,表现为很好的正相关关系,可用对数相关方程来描述.     

Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

陕北黄土高原月降雨理论分布的初步研究

利用陕北两个典型气象站点多年降雨强度数据,使用数学方法描述月雨强分布的形状,从而满足水文模型、土壤侵蚀模型等对降雨强度数据的需求。通过探讨小时雨强在月时间尺度上应符合的理论分布函数,并采用统计学参数估计方法进行参数拟合,来选择合适的数学方法对月雨强分布进行描述。使用最大似然法对常见的7种理论分布函数进行拟合的结果表明,LOGN、GAMA、WBL等理论分布函数都可以较好地再现月降雨强度分布,90%以上的月份COE值大于0.7,一半以上的月份COE值大于0.9。另外,WBL分布对降雨强度峰值亦有良好的表现能力,因此推荐在陕北黄土高原降雨分布的模拟过程中使用。     

养殖水体中氯酚残留特征及其与环境因子关系初探

采用固相微萃取（SPME）与气-质联用方法,测定分析了3种养殖模式水体中氯酚化合物（CPs）的污染特征。结果表明,19种CPs类化合物在一般四大家鱼养殖水体（A）、猪-鱼综合养殖模式水体（B）以及鸭-鱼综合养殖模式水体（C）表层水中的分布特征相似。总CPs及10种CPs化合物在不同养殖方式水体中浓度由高到低的顺序为A〉B〉C。表层水中残留浓度比较高的一氯酚、二氯酚、三氯酚和四氯酚分别是3-CP和4-CP、2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP、2,3,4,6-TCP。回归分析表明,铁、锰总含量与总CPs和PCP含量存在显著负相关。     

典型拉曼光谱技术及其在农业检测中应用研究进展

拉曼光谱是一种散射光谱,具有快速、不易受水分干扰、样品无需预处理和在体检测等特点,可作为分析、测试物质分子成分和结构强有力的表征手段。随着拉曼光谱技术的不断发展,其在农业检测领域中逐渐发挥出极其重要的作用。本文概述了拉曼光谱的检测原理,从共聚焦显微拉曼光谱、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱、表面增强拉曼光谱、针尖增强拉曼光谱、共振拉曼光谱、空间偏移拉曼光谱、移频激发拉曼差分光谱、基于非线性光学的拉曼光谱等8个方面介绍了拉曼光谱技术,重点总结了拉曼光谱技术在植物检测、土壤检测、水质检测、食品检测等方面的应用研究进展,并提出了其在农业检测领域中应用需要解决的难题和未来的发展方向,以期对未来农业生产和研究带来启发。     

间接竞争性ELISA检测甲胺磷残留

采用制备的兔抗血清建立了甲胺磷（methamidophos,MTP)残留的间接竞争性ELISA方法，证明了抗血清的特异性较好，并确立了测定参数：抗血清与包被抗原的最佳工作浓度分别为1：3000和1：5000；最适检测范围为0．01－0．1μg/ml；批内变异系数7．56％，批间变异系数5．70％。     

蔬菜中克百威残留的ELISA法测定技术研究

以合成人工抗原复合物免疫新西兰大白兔,制备了特异性的兔抗BFNH多克隆抗血清。用间接ELISA法测得抗体血清的最高效价可达1:32000。并以BFNH-卵清蛋白(OVA)复合物,作为抗原包被96孔板,建立了间接竞争ELISA法,用于蔬菜中的克百威残留分析。通过实验确定该方法的工作条件和标准曲线,并测定了抗体血清与其它各种氨基甲酸酯类农药的交叉反应率。实验结果表明,抗体血清对其它氨基甲酸酯类农药的交叉反应率均小于10%。该方法对克百威纯品的检测限为0.1μg·ml-1,线性检测范围为102～10-3μg·ml-1。该方法测定结果与高效液相色谱测定结果相一致。     

甘肃省无公害农产品生产的对策研究

通过对甘肃省无公害农产品生产现状以及在生产中存在问题的研究分析,反映在生产方面存在有农产品品种混杂、农药残留量严重超标、产后贮藏条件差、加工专业化程度低、无公害农产品生产技术研发薄弱、产业化、专业化规模小层次低等问题;管理方面存在有农产品质量检测体系滞后、农户家庭生产分散等问题;流通方面有农产品产后处理落后、产销渠道不畅,信息化程度底、消费质量意识不足等问题;结构方面有不合理的品种结构和产业结构以及综合成本等五个方面。提出了解决甘肃省无公害农产品生产的对策:加强农产品农药残留污染的控制;无公害农产品产地认证、监督制度与标识制度的建立;无公害农产品生产标准建设;调整、优化农业产业结构;甘肃省有利的地理和气候资源的合理利用。