Estimation of genetic variance components and heritabilities for cut-flower yield in gerbera using least squares and maximum likelihood methods

Summary Genetic variance components and heritability were estimated for cut-flower yield of gerbera in the Davis population using ordinary least squares and maximum likelihood methods. The overall estimate of narrow-sense heritability is 0.33 based on least squares (LS) and 0.31 based on maximum likelihood (ML). The results of the study indicate that (1) ML and LS provide very similar results if sample size is large enough, suggesting both are useful for plant breeding programs; (2) about one third of the variation in gerbera cut-flower yield is additive, implying selection in cut-flower will be successful; and (3) although additive variation gradually decreased, heritability remained near 0.27 suggesting there is still potential variation in the population for further selection.     

厩肥、秸秆和绿肥的含钾状况及其对土壤和作物钾素的供应能力

以常用有机肥料牛厩肥、猪厩肥、鸡粪及作物秸秆、油菜绿肥为材料，研究了这些有机物的全钾、速效钾和缓效钾的含量状况，以及它们对土壤钾及作物吸钾的供应能力。结果表明：（１）三种有机烘肥及作物秸秆、绿肥中含钾量为０．８５％～４．５０％，其中有３２．７％～６９．７％为速效态钾，１．７％～２５．０％为缓效态钾；（２）肥料与土壤共同培养１５０ｄ后，约有５０％～８０％的速效态钾和缓效态钾仍以两种形态存在于土壤之中     

基于专利分析的全球农药残留检测技术发展态势研究

农药残留检测对于保障农产品质量安全具有重要意义。针对其专利密集的产业特点,依托Patsnap全球专利数据库,通过IPC国际分类号与关键词相结合依次开展初步检索、扩展检索与补充检索,检索共获得全球116个国家和地区的23 281条农残检测领域技术专利,其中发明与实用新型专利分别为21 422与1 859条。基于检索结果进行专利分析,由国际、国内两个层面分别从专利构成、法律状态、年度申请趋势、专利授权率、国别（省市）分布、技术分支及申请人分布特征等多维度评估农残检测技术创新现状与发展态势。评估显示：全球农残检测相关专利申请整体呈震荡上升且地域分布差异明显的态势;传统检测技术面临发展瓶颈,生物化学、基因及遗传工程、有机合成将是农残检测技术发展的主导方向;中国农残检测专利申请量大但整体技术水平不高,部分尖端技术领域“卡脖子”问题依然突出,提高专利总体质量、力争打破欧美技术垄断将是未来工作的重点。     

贵州最高气温预报方法研究

最高气温预报一直以来是贵州最为棘手的问题,近年来在国家气象局预报质量通报中,成绩较为靠后。为改变这一现象,笔者基于各预报中心常规气温预报资料及地面观测资料,在贵州境内展开最高气温的多模式集合预报研究。结果表明,多模式集合预报技术有效地改进了预报的准确率,在对2013年1月1日—2014年4月30日120 h的逐24 h预报中,各预报中心的多模式集合预报结果明显降低了预报的均方根误差,效果远优于最好的单个预报中心(ECMWF)和多模式的集合平均,不仅很好地改善了贵州最高气温的预报效果,还给当地预报及决策气象服务提供更有效的参考。     

1MC-70型地膜回收起茬机铲刀结构和参数确定及试验研究

通过对1MC-70型地膜回收起茬机起膜、起茬铲刀的作业情况分析，推导出铲刀满足生产要求主要参数的求取方法和公式，并经理论分析和试验研究，确定了铲刀对玉米茬地进行起膜、起茬时主要参数的取值范围和减小牵引阻力的取值规律。通过多副铲刀的对比试验，选取出对玉米茬地进行起膜、起茬作业时，性能良好，牵引阻力较小的铲刀。     

基于最大熵的河流水质恢复能力模

利用最大熵原理、模糊集合论和河流水质恢复能力评价标准,为河流水质恢复能力综合评价提出了一种新的方法—基于最大熵的模糊评价法（FAME）。FAME综合考虑河流水质恢复能力评价的随机性和模糊性,定义加权广义距离表征待评价水体样本与标准样本的差异;把多维评价样本指标综合为一维指标值。根据隶属度值的大小对水体样本集进行统一评价,从而解决了各单项评价指标评价结果不一致问题,提高了河流水质恢复能力综合评价问题各层次的分辨力。通过实例研究,并对比遗传投影寻踪方法,验证了本方法的合理性和有效性。     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失过程试验研究

弃土弃渣是工程建设产生的最主要地面组成物质之一.采用野外放水冲刷试验方法,对黄河班多水电站工程区弃土弃渣水土流失过程进行了研究.(1)不同供水流量下,产流率随供水过程的动态变化整体呈增长趋势,可用幂函数方程描述,开始产流后的5 min内产流过程的变化幅度较大,随后较为平缓,并趋于基本稳定;(2)不同供水流量下,产沙率随供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述,小流量下变化过程波动较小,大流量下变化幅度较大;(3)不同供水流量下,含沙量随着供水历时的增长而减少,可用对数相关方程描述.各流量下的变化趋势基本一致;(4)次产流深、次产沙模数皆随供水流量的增大而增加,增加趋势基本相同,皆可用对数相关方程描述.平均含沙量随供水流量的增大先增加后减小,临界值为7.17 L/min,可用抛物线相关方程描述;(5)次产沙模数随次产流深的增大而增加,表现为很好的正相关关系,可用对数相关方程来描述.     

Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

陕北黄土高原月降雨理论分布的初步研究

利用陕北两个典型气象站点多年降雨强度数据,使用数学方法描述月雨强分布的形状,从而满足水文模型、土壤侵蚀模型等对降雨强度数据的需求。通过探讨小时雨强在月时间尺度上应符合的理论分布函数,并采用统计学参数估计方法进行参数拟合,来选择合适的数学方法对月雨强分布进行描述。使用最大似然法对常见的7种理论分布函数进行拟合的结果表明,LOGN、GAMA、WBL等理论分布函数都可以较好地再现月降雨强度分布,90%以上的月份COE值大于0.7,一半以上的月份COE值大于0.9。另外,WBL分布对降雨强度峰值亦有良好的表现能力,因此推荐在陕北黄土高原降雨分布的模拟过程中使用。