Modelling carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover swards

Growth and carbon dynamics in mixed grass–red clover leys were simulated using a growth model for pure stands based on radiation use, allocation within plant and loss of biomass. The model and its parameter values were taken from previous applications of the model to pure swards of grass and red clover grown in the same experiment at the same sites and years.     

SL4105柴油机的连杆杆身的变形分析

对SL4105柴油机的连杆进行了精确的三维建模,并考虑到连杆锻造毛坯和加工误差对连杆刚度的影响,根据实际情况对连杆运动时的整体变形进行了计算分析。分析结果表明:连杆的锻造加工误差会使连杆在最大爆发压力下产生较大的弯曲变形,变形最大值的大小和位置因加工误差的不同而不同。     

Effects of alternative water distribution rules on irrigation system performance: a simulation analysis

Based on a simulation model reflecting physical and economic conditions typically found in rice irrigation systems in Asia, the irrigation performance implications of alternative water distribution rules for dry season irrigation are evaluated under varying degrees of water shortage. The rules examined reflect differing water distribution strategies designed either to maximize conveyance efficiency, economic efficiency, or equity; or to achieve a balance between efficiency and equity objectives. Irrigation performance is evaluated using several efficiency measures reflecting the physical, agronomic and economic productivity of water, and one measure of equity. Economic efficiency and equity among farmers within the portion of the irrigation system that is on in any given season are shown to be complementary, and not competing objectives. Economic efficiency and equity among all farmers within the command area of the irrigation system are largely complementary strategies at the lower levels of water shortage, but with increasing shortage, significant tradeoffs develop between these objectives. An operational rule for water distribution under a goal of maximizing economic efficiency is developed, and the data requirements for its implementation are shown to be modest. Under the model's assumed conditions of dry season rice production dependent solely on surface irrigation for water, the distribution strategy designed to maximize conveyance efficiency results in only modestly lower levels of economic efficiency and equity than could be achieved by the strategy designed to maximize economic efficiency.     

An integrated modelling toolbox for water resources assessment and management in highland catchments: Model description

Water and land resource competition and environmental degradation pose difficult questions for resource managers. In particular, the ensuing trade-offs between economic, environmental, and social factors and their spatiotemporal variability must be considered when implementing management policies. This paper describes an integrated modelling toolbox that has been developed for highland catchments – specifically the Mae Chaem catchment in Northern Thailand. This toolbox contains models of crop growth, erosion and rainfall-runoff, as well as household decision and socioeconomic impact models. The approach described advances and complements previous approaches by: considering more complex interactions between land-use decisions and the hydrological cycle; modelling household decisions based on uncertain expectations; and assessing impacts of changes not only on flows and household income, but also on subsistence production and erosion. An example of the types of trade-offs and scenarios that can be assessed using the integrated modelling toolbox is also presented. This demonstrates that for the scenarios presented, the magnitude and direction of impacts simulated by the model is not dependent on climate. Further testing of the model is demonstrated in a companion paper. Overall, the plausibility of the model is shown.     

横向出流陡坡消能塘体型设计与试验研究

陡坡消能塘水流在塘末端转向 90°进入下游渠道是一种特殊的布置形式。通过对一实际工程消能塘的水力计算与物理模型试验验证 ,提出了此类消能塘体型的设计方法并对设计计算中的几个问题进行了讨论     

车辆发动机气门弹簧的设计方法探讨

发动机气门弹簧多用圆柱形螺旋压缩弹簧,在气门关闭过程中用于克服气门及传动件的惯性力,保证气门及时落座并紧密贴合,防止气门在发动机振动时产生跳动。本文通过分析其优化设计的设计变量、目标函数和约束条件,提出并验证优化设计的数学模型,该方法简便易行,且可以达到预期的设计目的。     

自压式树状管网的两级优化设计模型与神经优化设计

建立了自压式树状管网两级优化设计模型，并用人工神经网络法实现树状管网非线性规划模型的快速求解。采用的人工神经网络技术的两级优化设计模型在适用范围、求解速度和获得最优解能力上，均优于单一的非线性规划模型和线性规划模型，是实现树状管网全局优化设计的一条新途径。     

变截面板簧轧机电液伺服系统性能分析

设计了变截面板簧轧机电液伺服系统,该系统采用了工控机和PLC组成的两级计算机控制方式。建立了由电液伺服阀、伺服液压缸和轧辊组成的伺服控制系统数学模型。在分析系统的稳态性能和动态性能基础上,采用PID校正方式,进一步增大了系统的剪切频率,缩短了调节时间,降低了稳态误差。结果表明轧机电液伺服系统的稳定性好、控制精度高,达到了设计目的。     

农村供水工程水质检测模式研究

做好农村供水工程水质检测工作对保障农村供水水质安全至关重要,但它同时也是农村供水的薄弱环节,针对如何建立农村供水工程的水质检测模式开展研究与探讨。明确了农村供水工程水质检测的目标任务,分析了当前农村供水工程水质检测的现状与存在问题,从水质检测指标的选择、水质检测项目与频率的确定、水质检测设备的配备、水质检测人员的配置和监管、水质检测反馈机制的构建等几个方面提出了构建农村供水工程水质检测模式的建议,以期帮助提高农村供水工程的水质检测能力,保障农村供水水质安全。     

径流式水电站年来水量的变化特点及其灰色预测

通过对径流式水电站年来水量的变化特点及其预测问题的分析，建立了径流式水电站来水量预测的灰色数学模型，并就预测中样本序列的拓扑选择、预测的目标等问题提出了相应的策略。最后结合一个实例说明了本 方法的应用。结果表明，本文的方法及分析思路，对径流式水电站年来水量的预测具有较好的应用效果和参考价值。