Foliar and shoot allometry of pollarded black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia L.

Browse of multipurpose tree species such as black locust could be used to broaden grazing options, but the temporal distribution of foliage has not been adequately studied. Our objective was to determine effects of harvest date, P fertilization (0 and 600 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and pollard height (shoots clipped at 5-, 50-, and 100-cm above ground) on foliar and shoot allometry of black locust. The experiment was conducted on a naturally regenerated 2-yr-old black locust stand (15,000 trees ha⁻¹). Basal shoot diameter and foliar mass were measured monthly in June to October 2002 and 2003. Foliar and shoot dry mass (Y) was estimated from basal shoot diameter (D) by the function Y = aD ^b , with regression explaining ≥95% of variance. Allometry of foliar mass was affected by harvest date, increasing at a greater rate with D in September than in June or July, but not by P fertilization or pollard height. Foliar mass was predicted best by month-specific equations for the June to October growth interval. Allometry of shoot dry mass was unaffected by harvest date, P fertilization, or pollard height. These equations could be used as a first approximation of foliar and shoot mass for pollarded black locust.     

Nutrient cycling and biomass flows in a low-quality forest stand improvement system in the Lesser Khingan Range of China

The material flow and bulk internal flow analyses were used to establish a material accumulation and cycling model for a low-quality forest stand improvement system and a series of processes were considered. The model was applied in a one-hectare low-quality forest plot in the Lesser Khingan Range of China. Results showed that during 1997–2007, the stands absorbed 270.19 kg of N, 74.28 kg of P, and 124.39 kg of K from soils, 51.82 kg of N and 2.38 kg of P were directly absorbed by foliage, and 16.25 kg of K was released to soils by eluviation. Until 2007, the accumulated nutrients in the stands included 236.91 kg of N, 65.28 kg of P, and 108.55 kg of K. When horizontal strip clearcutting was applied in 2007, 50% accumulated nutrients in the stands were shifted due to harvesting operations, and 212.74 kg of N, 26.97 kg of P, and 98.88 kg of K were accumulated in soils, declining by 9.47% for N, 3.68% for P, and 17.60% for K, respectively, compared with year 1997. 94.61 t per hectare of biomass was generated, of which the biomass in stands accounted for 87.36%. The felled tree biomass was 36.89 t per hectare, of which 84.90% and 10.03% of biomass were utilized in terms of logs and other means, and the rest was left on site.     

沙柳沙障的腐蚀规律研究

通过对沙柳沙障的质量损失率和抗折强度损失率2个指标的研究,分析了障边不同垂直位置、不同障边位置、不同坡位和不同障龄沙柳沙障的腐烂程度。结果表明：在垂直位置上沙柳沙障腐蚀的变化规律为地下部分的腐蚀程度比分界处和地上部分的高,从沙障底端到上端呈先降后升的趋势;在同一障格内障边两端的腐蚀程度偏高;在不同坡位中迎风坡坡底和坡中的腐烂程度最为严重,背风坡坡中的腐烂程度最轻;2002和2006年铺设的沙柳沙障腐蚀明显,2007年铺设的只有地下部分腐蚀发霉情况。     

MDF铣削过程中切屑流边界及扩散角的视频识别

通过CCD摄像技术,采集中密度纤维板(MDF)铣削过程中切屑流的高清晰图像。利用图像处理的最大类间方差法,确定所采集图像的阈值;利用该阈值对所采集的图像进行分割,得到切屑流的二值图像;基于八连通准则,对该二值图像中切屑流的边界进行搜索检测,求得切屑流边界线像素的位置坐标,确定切屑流边界线的位置;采用最小二乘法直线拟合边界线,确定切屑流的扩散角λ。结果表明:当铣削速度达到60m.s-1后,其扩散角λ存在明显增大趋势。     

两行一带式乔木固沙林带风速流场和防风效果风洞试验

研究在风速为10和15 m·s<'-1>的风洞试验条件下,覆盖度为20%和25%的3种两行一带模式固沙林内的水平和垂直方向的风速变化情况,以期对3种模式的风速流场和防风效果进行比较分析.结果表明:3种配置模式在0.31H高度形成了风影区和风速加速区相互组合的复杂流场结构,覆盖度25%的两行一带模式的防风效果高于覆盖度20%的两行一带模式.3种模式在不同高度的风速变化规律相同,可划分为3层:微变化层(1.54H和2H)、显著变化层(0.46H和0.92H)和稳定变化层(0.06～0.12H)3个层次.3种模式降低风速的效果为:D=4H(H为带间距)L=4 cm(L为行距)模式大于D=5H,L=0.08 m模式和覆盖度20%(D=5H,L=0.04 m),后2种模式相同.     

Hypoglycemic effect of lupin seed γ-conglutin in experimental animals and healthy human subjects

A lupin seed γ-conglutin-enriched preparation was tested in a glucose overload trial with both murine models and adult healthy volunteers. The results with rats showed a dose-dependent significant decrease of blood glucose concentration, which confirmed previous findings obtained with the purified protein. Moreover, three test-product doses equivalent to 630, 315, and 157.5 mg γ-conglutin, orally administered 30 min before the carbohydrate supply, showed a relevant hypoglycemic effect in human trials. Insulin concentrations were not significantly affected. The general hematic parameters did not change at all.This is the first report on the glucose-lowering effect of lupin γ-conglutin in human subjects.     

基于树干液流通量的沙地樟子松合理林分密度的确定

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)对辽宁省章古台樟子松人工固沙林生长季期间树干液流速率进行了连续5年的测定,结合同步观测的降水、林冠截留量、林内蒸发散量和土壤水分含量,利用水量平衡的方法,推算了现阶段樟子松应有的合理密度。结果表明:4月上中旬沙地樟子松液流启动,10月中下旬液流基本结束,生长季(4-10月)各月平均液流速率分别为2.58、4.78、5.19、5.01、4.84、4.30、1.93 cm·h^-1,以6月份的最高,其次依次为7、8、5、9月份,4、10两月平均液流速率较低。通过推算,径阶14、16、18、20 cm的樟子松纯林的合理密度分别应为688、531、422、344株·hm^-2,现有同径阶的林分普遍存在密度过大的问题。研究结果对于现有林分的科学经营具有重要的指导意义。     

额木尔河大桥水文计算浅析

结合额木尔河大桥工程实例,对额木尔河大桥水文计算进行简单分析。本次水文计算采用频率分析法和形态断面法两种方法确定设计流量,并根据设计流量推算设计水位、设计流速和最小桥长,计算壅水、浪高,确定桥面最低高程。     

不同黑杨无性系叶片及单木水平蒸腾特性研究

以廊坊地区杨树胶合板用材林主要造林树种中林46杨和廊坊杨为研究对象,应用快速称重法和热扩散茎流计分别观测了不同杨树叶片蒸腾速率和树干液流变化特征,旨在为该地区更精确地估计生态用水定额提供科学依据,而且也可为该区域杨树胶合板材林的造林、营林及流域综合管理提供理论基础。结果表明:无论晴天还是阴天,林木叶片蒸腾速率日变化都呈现有规律的单峰曲线,晴天表现为单峰宽峰曲线,阴天为单峰窄峰曲线;树干边材液流的日变化均表现出明显的昼夜规律;树干的测定方位不同,其液流速率存在着一定差异,白天均表现出一致的规律:树干南侧液流速率>树干北侧液流速率,而夜间树干南北液流速率大小相差不大,维持在0～2cm/h上下波动。     

Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the midwestern USA: 2. Competition for water

A study was carried out in an alley cropping system in the Eastern Maize Belt of the United States with the objective of quantifying the competition for water between trees (black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture, tree and maize rooting patterns, tree and maize water uptake, and maize leaf area expansion were determined in three treatments; barrier (polyethylene root barriers separating maize and tree roots), trench (trenching without a polyethylene barrier), and no barrier (control). Significant temporal variation in soil moisture was observed in both black walnut and red oak alley cropping systems. The barrier and trench treatments resulted in higher soil moisture in the maize alley and lower soil moisture in the tree row than the no barrier treatment. Uptake of water by maize was higher in the barrier than the no barrier treatment. However, tree water uptake was higher in the no barrier treatment than in the barrier treatment because tree roots utilized water from the maize alley. Maize leaf area was negatively impacted by water stress in the no barrier treatment. Quantification of rooting patterns revealed that maize and tree roots were concentrated in the top 30 cm soil layer where water fluctuations were greatest. The barrier and trench treatments successfully eliminated the belowground root competition between trees and maize and resulted in greater leaf area and higher grain yields than the no barrier treatment. Thus, competition for water rather than competition for light seems to be critical in defining the productivity and sustainability of this alley cropping system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.