Effect of retinoic acid on gene expression profiles of bovine intramuscular preadipocytes during adipogenesis

To investigate genes involved in intramuscular adipogenesis in ruminants, 16 genes with dramatic variable expression were selected. These were selected from the differentiation‐ and proliferation‐phase libraries of our previous serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) studies of a clonal bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIP) cell line. We harvested the BIP cells over 12 days after adipogenic stimulation with all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Quantitative real‐time PCR confirmed the earlier SAGE study results of the expression patterns of 15 of the genes. On day 6, TG accumulation increased significantly in the BIP cells but was completely inhibited in the 3T3‐L1 cells (the monogastric reference). ATRA enhanced expression levels of six genes whereas it suppressed expression of eight genes on day 3 of adipogenesis in the BIP cells. Forty‐eight hours after transfection, the messenger RNA expression level of the adipose differentiation‐related protein (ADFP), encoded by one of the upregulated genes, in the ADFP small interference RNA (siRNA)‐transfected cells was 3.5% of that in negative control‐transfected cells. Also, 6 days after induction the TG level in the ADFP siRNA‐transfected cells was 21.8% lower than that in negative control‐transfected cells. This analysis of gene expression profiles after ATRA treatment will contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in bovine intramuscular adipogenesis.     

补饲对湘东黑山羊血液生化指标的影响

采用32只3～4月龄的湘东黑山羊,研究三种不同补饲水平对其血液生化指标的影响.设1个对照组与3个试验组,试验组平均补饲量依次按100 g/d、200 g/d、300 g/d.结果表明:肥育羔羊的血清尿素氮、钙、无机磷与总蛋白含量在各组间的变化范围依次是:19.77 mg/dL～20.98 mg/dL、8.28 mg/dL～10.52 mg/dL、4.14 mg/dL～4.80 mg/dL、72.53 g/L～81.33 g/L.     

Securing Garbage from Florida Black Bears: Why are the Appropriate Measures Not Implemented at the Municipal Level?

Anthropogenic food conditioning of bears has resulted in recent increases in human–bear conflicts (HBCs) in Florida. Garbage is the leading cause of food conditioning of bears. Despite increased HBCs and related human safety concerns, municipal governments in Florida have generally not taken independent steps to prevent HBCs through altered garbage management. Rather, governments have relied on the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission to manage garbage-related HBCs. We used semi-structured interviews to identify obstacles to securing garbage from bears at the municipal level. Respondents included local government administrations and waste service providers. Political and economic costs of implementing bear-resistant garbage management practices were the major obstacles to securing garbage. Respondents argued that households will not pay for, or support, the implementation of bear-resistant trash cans. Recent adoption by four counties of ordinances requiring residents to secure their garbage from bears suggests that objections to adopting bear-resistant garbage management were overstated.     

乐至黑山羊与营山黑山羊杂交改良效果初探

本试验利用乐至黑山羊(父本)杂交改良营山黑山羊(母本)以提高生产性能。分别测定了两品种羊及乐×营杂交一代羊6月龄的体高、体长、胸围、胸宽和管围以及2月龄、6月龄、12月龄和24月龄的体重,结果表明:杂交一代羊的所有指标明显高于营山黑山羊(P0.05),其中6月龄杂交一代公羊的体高、体长、体重、胸围和胸宽较营山黑山羊分别提高23.3%、25.2%、18.39%、38.9%和27.7%(P0.01);母羊体高、体长、体重、胸围和管围分别提高19.3%、21.7%、22.72%、26.4%和13%(P0.01),胸宽提高6.2%(P0.05)。说明杂交改良效果显著。     

黑水虻幼虫替代饲料直接投喂对锦鲤生长消化、肝胰脏抗氧化酶和血清非特异性免疫指标的影响

以锦鲤为试验对象,将黑水虻幼虫活虫和黑水虻幼虫干虫分别替代饲料对锦鲤进行投喂,投喂30 d后测定血清和组织中抗氧化酶活性和非特异性免疫指标。结果表明,干虫组的特定生长率、增重率显著低于对照组和活虫组(P<0.05),而体均重与肥满度各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。血清中ALT活力活虫组显著高于干虫组(P<0.05),AKP活力对照组显著低于活虫组和干虫组(P<0.05),AST活力、ACP活力和溶菌酶活力各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。肝胰脏T-SOD活力和T-AOC对照组显著低于活虫组和干虫组(P<0.05),CAT活力和GSH-Px活力各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。前肠淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶活力各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。可见,将黑水虻作为一种环保、价格低廉的饲料投喂锦鲤,对其生长、抗氧化能力和非特异性免疫有促进作用,作为新型饲料具有可行性。     

云南肉山羊黑色品系内不同家系遗传多样性分析

应用QIAxcel全自动遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,对云南肉山羊黑色品系5只公羊134只后代的基因组DNA进行了11个微卫星位点多态性分析,以期为这一品系的选育提高和合理选配提供科学依据。结果表明,在11个微卫星位点共检测到101个等位基因,片段大小在115～249 bp之间,全群平均期望杂合度和平均多态信息含量均在0.5以上,表明云南肉山羊黑色品系遗传多样性丰富。对5只公羊UPGMA聚类分析表明:5只公羊间遗传一致度较高,说明云南肉山羊黑色品系具备了相对统一的遗传基础;系统聚类图直观地显示出公羊N7379和N7373存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为一支,而公羊N5043、N7303、N5049间也存在较近的亲缘关系,被聚为另一支,分属于不同分支的公羊间亲缘关系相对较远。     

Serum chloramphenicol levels and the intramuscular bioavailability of several parenteral formulations of chloramphenicol in ruminants

Summary

Serum chloramphenicol concentrations were determined by microbiological and chemical assay methods in cows, ewes, and goats treated parenterally with seven different veterinary parenteral chloramphenicol products, including the water soluble sodium succinate ester of chloramphenicol and solutions of 20%, 25% and 50% of chloramphenicol base in various organic solvents. Serum drug concentrations were analyzed for the effect of product formulation differences, dosage, whether the drug was administered i.m. at a single body site or to two sites, and the method of assay, on the absorption from the injection site, peak drug levels, and the persistence in serum of effective concentrations of the drug i.e. 5 to 10 ug / ml. Although differences were observed among the 6 products containing chloramphenicol base in respect to absorption rate and peak serum drug levels, and although these differences significantly influenced the persistence of microbiologically‐active serum drug concentrations at the level of ≥ 10 μg / ml, they did not at the level of ≥ 5 μg / ml.

In the animal species examined, injections given at 2 sites appeared to influence the duration of predetermined serum drug levels more than the differences among the products in respect of the absorption and elimination rates from serum, the peak serum concentrations, and the dose. The shapes of the concentration‐to‐time curves in cows and ewes injected with the same dose of a given product were essentially the same, but they were different in goats. Serum chloramphenicol concentrations measured chemically after treatment with chloramphenicol base were 20% to 46% higher than those measured microbiologically.

For 60 minutes after the sodium succinate ester had been administered i.v. and i.m. to ewes, the chemically determined chloramphenicol levels were more than twice as high as the respective concentrations determined by microbiological assay, but thereafter, the magnitude of those differences was not greater than observed after treatment with chloramphenicol base.

Intramuscular bioavailability of the products containing chloramphenicol base injected at 2 sites was rather poor (51% to 80.5%ofthe dose) and even lower values were calculated after injection at a single site.

Results are briefly discussed of the effect of dosage form on the persistence of microbiologically effective serum drug levels. A dose of at least 50 mg / kg to be administered i.m. at two sites are essential prerequisits for chloramphenicol therapy in ruminants.     

苜蓿褐斑病的离体叶接种研究

研究和鉴定苜蓿褐斑病抗病性的离体叶接种技术。结果表明,离体叶接种鉴定比传统的整株鉴定效率高,结果可靠。在0.3%水琼脂培养基中加入50μm/mL苯骈咪唑,即可达到最佳保绿效果。接种所需的适宜条件是,相对湿度接近100%,温度20℃,接种时间20h,无光照。培养所需的适宜条件是,生长箱内光照(光强度9000lux)和黑暗每12h交替一次,有光时22℃,无光时18℃。     

我国饲料型四倍体刺槐研究进展

四倍体刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia自1997年引入我国以来,国内学者对其主要进行了如下几个方面的研究:1)不同地域不同立地条件下的适应性、生物量及叶片营养含量,肯定了饲料型四倍体刺槐的引种价值。2)常规和微繁育苗技术:常规育苗技术中的插根和嫁接繁殖技术已经成熟,达到了规模化生产的要求;微繁技术已找到了愈伤组织诱导及其分化为苗的培养基组合和培养条件以及组培苗的适宜移栽方式。3)抗盐基因遗传转化:已成功地将甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因(BADH)转入四倍体刺槐,得到了15个抗盐植株,抗盐植株对NaCl的相对抗性提高了2‰~3‰。从引种、造林、微体快繁技术和遗传转化4个方面综述了这些研究成果,并探讨了存在的问题及可能的解决方法。     

子午岭黑山羊与辽宁绒山羊产肉性能、肉品质、肌肉营养成分和脂肪酸含量比较

1990年,甘肃省庆阳市开始引入辽宁绒山羊对子午岭黑山羊进行杂交改良,但目前尚不清楚2个品种在脂肪酸含量、肌肉营养成分等方面的差异,影响了杂交改良效果。试验旨在分析两个绒山羊品种的产肉性能、肉品质、肌肉营养成分和脂肪酸含量差异,为绒山羊的杂交改良提供理论依据。本研究选取相同饲养管理条件下、9月龄的子午岭黑山羊和辽宁绒山羊公羊各5只,测定其屠宰性能以及背最长肌、前腿肌和后腿肌处的肉品质、脂肪酸含量和肌肉营养成分。结果表明：子午岭黑山羊的胴体重、屠宰率、净肉重、净肉率、眼肌面积、GR值、剪切力和滴水损失低于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.05）,但其肌肉的平均亮度值、色度值、pH₁和pH₂₄高于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.01）。营养成分测定结果表明,子午岭黑山羊肌肉的水分和粗灰分含量高于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.05）,但肌内脂肪和粗蛋白含量低于辽宁绒山羊。在2个山羊品种的肌肉中均检测到11 种饱和脂肪酸（SFA,以棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主）、10种多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA,以亚油酸和顺-11,14-二十碳二烯酸为主）和6种单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA,以油酸为主）,子午岭黑山羊肉中的SFA、PUFA、n-3 PUFA、n-6 PUFA含量和PUFA/SFA值均高于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.01）,但MUFA含量低于辽宁绒山羊（P<0.01）。结果表明,辽宁绒山羊有更高的产肉力,但子午岭黑山羊肌肉品质和营养成分更佳,脂肪酸组成和含量更符合人类健康膳食标准。