重庆四面山不同林地类型优先流特征及染色形态定量评价

以重庆四面山阔叶林、针叶林、灌木林和草地为研究对象,基于碘−淀粉染色示踪试验,借助Adobe Photoshop、IPWIN等图像处理技术和数据处理方法,对土壤优先流特征及其染色形态进行定量评价。结果表明：阔叶林地、针叶林地、灌木林和草地土壤优先流分别在5～25、10～30、10～25 cm和5～20 cm发育明显,各林地垂直剖面总体上均随土层深度增加染色面积比下降。阔叶林和针叶林土壤表层0～10 cm下降迅速,灌木林随土壤深度增加呈现先下降后基本不变再下降的趋势。阔叶林和针叶林总染色面积比高于灌木林和草地,阔叶林的优先流比和优先流长度指数也分别高于针叶林、灌木林和草地。     

城镇土地综合定级和分类定级研究--以莒南县城区为例

城镇土地定级是对城镇土地质量和使用效益及其在土地空间上分布差异状况进行评定，为全面地、科学地管理土地，合理利用城镇土地，以及为有关部门制定规划、计划和有偿使用土地提供依据。城镇土地定级分综合定级和分类定级两种。我们对莒南县城区土地进行了综合定级和分类定级，研究不同定级结果的相似性和差异性。研究结果表明，综合定级、商业用地定级和住宅用地定级结果比较接近，工业定级与其它定级相比，差别较大。     

河北坝上退耕还林草区新农村建设面临的问题与对策

以河北省康保县为例,在实地调查和资料分析基础上,探讨了退耕还林还草区新农村建设面临的主要生态和社会经济问题,并针对性提出了相应对策。     

城市不同绿地类型降温增湿效应的研究

选择林地、草坪、裸地、水泥地等几种下垫面类型,对城市不同绿地的降温增湿效应进行了测定分析,结果表明:高温季节林地和草坪都有降低地表和土壤温度,减轻温度剧烈变化,增加空气相对湿度的作用,林地与草坪、裸地和水泥地相比,地表最高温度分别降低9.5、17.5和24.5℃,平均地表温度分别降低6.1、9.7和15.5℃,在裸地和水泥地出现最高温的16:00,土壤温度分别降低7.0、13.0和14.5℃,晴天林地平均相对湿度为55.7,比草坪、裸地、水泥地分别高5.0、9.1和12.4.     

参与式方法在退耕还林中的应用

本文分析了退耕还林程序和山西省PAAF项目的经验.提出在制订退耕还林县级年度方案、具体实施过程和检查验收等阶段应用半结构访谈、村民大会、实施管理条例以及实施小组和监测小组等参与式工具.     

基于MODIS数据的内蒙古地形因子对火灾分布的影响分析

了解火灾与地形因子的关系是深入研究火灾空间分布格局、火灾风险科学管理的重要前提。本研究基于MOD14A1/MYD14A1热异常产品数据集提取内蒙古2000—2015年的火点信息,结合研究区DEM数据,提取相关地形因子,并在此基础上分析区域尺度背景下的地形因子与火灾分布关系。结果表明:1)采用均值变点分析法,确定内蒙古地形起伏度的最佳统计单元为0.52 km2;2)火灾分布在地形因子的作用下表现出一定的地形梯度性。火点个数随高程的升高呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,而火点个数随坡度和地形起伏度的增大呈现逐渐下降的趋势;3)火点分布最多的高程、坡度、地形起伏度区间分别为80~700 m、0°~7°、1~70 m,火灾多发生在高程低、地形平坦、起伏小的地区,这类区域一般人类活动频繁,为火灾的发生提供了机会;4)在火点分布最多的地形区间内,不同土地利用类型上的火点个数分布排序为草地>耕地>林地>其他类型。      

劳均可负担耕地面积与机械化程度的关系研究

在已有研究成果的基础上,系统研究了劳动力可负担的耕地面积与机械化程度之间的关系,并对数据采集与处理进行了探讨,建立了平均各劳动力可负担耕地面积与农业机械化程度的关系模型。通过对黑龙江省红星隆分局八五四农场10个生产队100个劳动力调研,在此基础上并对数据进行了处理,得出农业机械化程度是100%和0时,平均每个劳动力可负担的耕地面积分别是4. 95hm^2和1. 45 hm^2。最后通过建立的模型,得出了平均各劳动力可承担的耕地面积在不同农业机械化程度下的数值大小。     

养护者受益权的界定及优位

分析养护者受益权的主体、客体、内容及养护者受益权的优位强势的含义、必要性。     

Modelling of soil nutrient budgets: an assessment of agricultural sustainability in Nepal

Abstract. Sustaining soil fertility under agricultural intensification and expansion onto marginal lands is a significant challenge in the Nepalese Middle Mountains. In a detailed watershed study it was shown that the overall soil fertility is poor, forest soils display the poorest conditions as a result of biomass removal, and sustaining agriculture is questionable due to the transformation from traditional to multiple cropping systems. Parent material is a significant factor influencing low phosphorus status while insufficient inputs create deficiencies in total carbon, nitrogen and bases. A nutrient budget model was developed to assess inputs, redistribution and losses relative to soil fertility. Yield, input and management data obtained from farm interviews, and soil analysis data were used in the calculation of nutrient budgets. Results from modelling indicate declining soil fertility under rainfed agriculture, forest and rangelands, and marginal conditions under irrigated agriculture subject to intensive cultivation. Nutrient deficits were relatively low for irrigated rice-wheat systems, which benefit from nutrient inputs via sediments and irrigation waters, but the introduction of triple cropping showed greater deficits. Nutrient balances were most critical under rainfed maize production where 94% of the farms were in deficit. Current shortages of organic matter make elimination of nutrient deficits problematic but improvement of composting, biological N-fixation and fertilizer efficiency and reducing erosion were found to be potential options.     

Effects of the 1995–1997 drought on nitrate leaching in lowland England

Abstract. The effect of drought between summer 1995 and 1997 on stream and river nitrate concentrations was investigated using sites close to the long-running meteorological station in Oxford, UK. Nitrate concentrations in the River Windrush were relatively low during the drought, but after it had ended reached the highest level since records began in 1973. The low concentrations during the drought probably reflect a reduced contribution from agricultural runoff. High nitrate concentrations were found in a field drain at Wytham Environmental Change Network site during and after the drought, but discharge was greatly reduced. A woodland stream at Wytham had much lower nitrate concentrations than the field drain but these similarly increased during and after the drought. There was evidence that both a concentrating effect of low water volumes and enhanced soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification rates were causing concentrations to rise. The effects of mineralization and nitrification were more important in woodland than agricultural land. Nitrate load over the course of a year was determined largely by discharge, but steeper gradients for the relationship between cumulative load and cumulative discharge were seen during and after the drought than before, reflecting the higher concentrations.