蔬菜保护地木霉菌rDNA-ITS序列和UP-PCR遗传多样性分析

采用传统形态学分类和ITS序列比对的方法,研究蔬菜保护地土壤中木霉菌种群分布和遗传多样性。木霉菌分离培养结果显示,共获得397株木霉菌,鉴定出11个种,分别为:长枝木霉Trichoderma longibrachiatum、深绿木霉T.atroviride、哈茨木霉T.harzianum、粘绿木霉T.viren、微孢木霉T.minutisporum、拟康木霉T.pseudokoningii、黄绿木霉T.aureoviride、非钩木霉T.inhamatum、棘孢木霉T.asperellum、长孢木霉T.longipile和螺旋木霉T.helicum。经ITS序列建立系统发育树后,将木霉菌分为5个组。用5条通用引物经UP-PCR扩增后,扩增出46条谱带,其中多态性条带43条,占总条带数的93.5%。遗传多样性分析表明,当相似系数为0.80时,可将24个菌株划分为9个组。UP-PCR与ITS序列相比,更能体现木霉菌种间和种内的亲缘关系及遗传差异性,可以作为木霉菌分类的辅助方法。     

Weed community responses to soil type during transition to no-till practice on smallholder farms in Zimbabwe

Understanding drivers of weed density and diversity is essential for the development of weed management strategies. Here, we compared temporal changes in weed density and diversity under no-till (NT) and conventional (CONV) tillage systems in cotton–maize rotations on loam, clay loam and sandy loam soils immediately after transition to NT in Kadoma, Zimbabwe. The effect of tillage system on weed density varied through the growth season and was dependent upon soil type and species composition of the weed community. Although weed responses to tillage system varied amongst species, we identified general trend effects on weed density on specific soils. At 3 weeks after crop emergence (WACE), weed density on loam soils was 76% and 96% higher in NT than in CONV during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons, respectively, and on clay loam soils it was 37% and 33% higher in NT than CONV, respectively. Weed densities in NT and CONV were similar across all soil types at 6 WACE during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 seasons and at 9 WACE in 2009/2010. Tillage system did not affect weed density during the growth season on sandy loam soils. Weed diversity (Shannon index) was at least 75% higher in NT than CONV on loam and clay loam soils at 3 WACE during both seasons. It is likely these increases in weed densities following conversion to NT will exacerbate already prevalent weed management problems in the smallholder sector. Earlier weeding is recommended to suppress weed emergence and reduce likely associated crop yield losses.     

基于叶绿体DNA PCR-RFLP分析柿及其近缘种亲缘关系

 应用5对叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）特异引物对柿及其近缘的8个种共32个基因型的cpDNA进行PCR扩增。采用7种限制性内切酶对其扩增产物酶切位点变异分析表明,在供试柿属植物中存在丰富的种间多态性,但供试22个柿种内基因型未检测到变异位点。应用NTSYS中UPGMA法聚类和主坐标分析表明：柿与金枣柿最近缘,其次分别是油柿、云南野毛柿、浙江柿和君迁子,而与美洲柿和乌柿相距较远。野柿（浙江）为柿的变种,聚类结果也表明野柿（浙江）与柿有一定差异。     

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Microsatellite DNA Markers in Swamp Buffalo

This study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of swamp buffalo breeds in China.The analysis of genetic diversity was performed in 40 buffalo individuals from 8 buffalo breeds（Dechang buffalo,Dehong buffalo,Wenzhou buffalo,Guizhou buffalo,Xilin buffalo,Fuzhong buffalo,Murrah buffalo and Nili-Ravi buffalo）by 30 microsatellite loci and LabChip chip test method.The results showed that 332 alleles at 30 microsatellite loci were found in 8 buffalo breeds,the average values of gene diversity and PIC were 0.7808 and 0.7554,respectively.Cluster analysis indicated that Dechang buffalo and Dehong buffalo firstly clustered together,followed by Fuzhong buffalo,Guizhou buffalo,Wenzhou buffalo and Xilin buffalo.Moreover,Murrah buffalo and Nili-Ravi buffalo clustered together.Our findings revealed that the 30 microsatellite loci could be used as an effective genetic marker for the analysis of genetic diversity among the buffalo breeds,which enriched the current SSR marker resources in buffalo.     

基于磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法的松茸生长土壤微生物测定

为探明松茸生长土壤微生物群落的变化特征及其开发利用提供理论依据,运用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法（PLFA）分析了黑龙江省松茸生长地246 m（山下部）、397 m（山中部）、531 m（山上部）和659 m（山顶部）不同海拔土壤的微生物群落结构特征。结果表明：革兰氏阴性菌和真菌表现为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部,且差异显著（P ＜0．05）;革兰氏阳性菌、真菌／细菌比值和磷脂脂肪酸总量表现为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部,但山中部与山上部差异不显著（P ＞0．05）;放线菌表现为山上部＞山中部＞山顶部＞山下部,且差异显著（P ＜0．05）;革兰氏阳性菌／革兰氏阴性菌比值表现为山顶部＞山下部＞山上部＞山中部,但山中部和山上部间差异不显著。土壤微生物多样性指数为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部。经主成分分析,不同海拔高度土壤微生物群落结构间存在显著差异。     

人工林生态系统稳定性研究综述

在总结国内外稳定性研究的基础上,对人工林生态系统稳定性的概念、内涵和外延,人工林树种的自我维持,多样性和稳定性理论,人为干扰与稳定性的关系,人工林生态系统稳定性指标体系和研究方法等进行综述,指出应加强干扰对人工林生态系统稳定性影响的研究,以及人工林树种和品系选择、组合和搭配技术的研究,提高人工林的遗传多样性、物种多样性和系统多样性,优化人工林生态系统的结构与功能。     

高黎贡山南段大型真菌多样性研究

以随机路线踏查法为主,样地法为辅,对该区林下大型真菌进行较系统地调查,除随机踏查路线外,共选取8块标准样地,调查高黎贡山南段大型真菌资源情况。结果表明：该区内大型真菌种类223种,隶属46科、86属。其中食用菌77种,药用菌21种,毒菌25种,食药兼用菌15种,不明80种;易危1种,近危1种,无危101种,中国特有种8种。优势科为红菇科（Russulaceae）、多孔菌科（Polyporaceae）、丝膜菌科（Cortinariaceae）、牛肝菌科（Boletaceae）、蘑菇科（Agaricalceae）、小菇科（Mycenaceae）。优势属为红菇属（Russula）、乳菇属（Lactarius）、丝膜菌属（Cortinarius）、鹅膏属（Amanita）、小菇属（Mycena）、小皮伞属（Marasmius）、多孔菌属（Polyporus）、粉褶菌属（Entoloma）、蜡蘑属（Laccaria）、栓菌属（Trametes）、马勃属（Lycoperdon）、湿伞属（Hygrocybe）、小孔菌属（Microporus）,不同样地的优势属各有不同。区系地理成分具有明显的温带性质,与热带—亚热带大型真菌区系具有一定的关系,与云南大围山相似性较高。     

大兴安岭湖通河野生五味子药用资源保护区保护价值分析

从生物多样性,植物资源的珍稀性,经济价值、水源涵养、生态旅游和科学研究等方面,分析论述了大兴安岭湖通河五味子药用资源保护区内各种资源的保护价值。     

沱江干流岸边土壤营养盐和重金属分布特征

为探究“十年禁渔”前沱江中游江段鱼类资源和物种多样性,于2017—2020年对该江段鱼类资源进行了8次调查,并对鱼类种类组成、生态类型、群落相似度、种群优势度、生物多样性以及群落结构稳定性等特征进行分析。结果显示,本次调查共采集鱼类87种,隶属于5目14科52属。其中,长江上游特有鱼类18种,外来物种6种,分别占总种类数的20.69%和6.90%。鱼类群落以底层、缓流型、产沉性卵、杂食性鱼类为主。相对重要性指数(IRI)显示,蛇、鲤等中小型鱼类为优势种。Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielou指数变化范围分别为2.700~3.742、0.873~0.968、5.374~11.323、0.737~0.887,表明沱江中游鱼类群落分布均匀。等级聚类分析 (Cluster)和非度量多维尺度分析 (NMDS)显示,在一定的相似性水平上,沱江中游江段鱼类的群落类型基本可分为3组,莲花山、麻柳坝工业园与铁路沟可以聚为一组,万古庙、五里店水电站、资州大桥、银山镇、二水厂与西林渡口聚为一组,沱桥独立成组。数量/生物量比较曲线分析结果显示,西林渡口和沱桥江段鱼类群落结构稳定性相对较高,其余江段鱼类群落结构均受到中度干扰。研究表明,与历史资料相比,沱江中游鱼类群落发生了显著变化,经济鱼类占比减少,鱼类个体呈现小型化和低龄化。本研究补充了沱江中游鱼类资源现状的基础数据,以期为该江段鱼类资源管理与“十年禁渔”生态评估提供科学依据。     

Distribution and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna in three repeated operating ages of the blood cockle Anadara granosa cultivation in Bandon Bay,Suratthani Province,Southern Thailand

The diversity, distribution and species richness of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna as well as benthic environments were examined in the blood cockle Anadara granosa cultivations at Ban Don Bay, Suratthani Province, Southern Thailand during the summer season of April and rainy season of October in 2017. The cockle cultivations of three repeated operating ages (<5 years: S1; 5–10 years: S2; more than 10 years: S3) were selected for the study, and the sampling sites were allocated at the centre of the farm. Results indicated that there were significant differences in species number, individual number and evenness index of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna found in the two sampling seasons (p < .05) and significant differences in individual number and evenness index were found among the sampling sites (p < .05). Significant differences in pH, total phosphorus levels, sulphide levels and organic matter of sediment were found between the sampling seasons (p < .05) and differences in total nitrogen level, organic matter and clay content were found among the sampling sites (p < .05). Among the independent variables analysed, correlation analysis showed no relationship between diversity index, species richness index and evenness index and the abiotic variables (p < .05). The results of the present study suggest that the distribution and diversity variations of the benthic macroinvertebrates community fauna are not affected by all sediment parameters in various repeated cultivation of the blood cockle Anadara granosa in Bandon Bay, Suratthani Province.