一氧化氮对铜、镉胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

利用一氧化氮供体硝普纳（sodium nitroprusside,SNP）,研究了一氧化氮对铜、镉胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗的活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明：在200μM的CuCl2或CdCl2处理下,25～200uM的SNP能够提高平邑甜茶幼苗根系和叶片的SOD,POD活性,降低根系和叶片的超氧阴离子（O-2）产生速率及丙二醛（MDA）含量,表明适当浓度的一氧化氮可以通过提高部分抗氧化酶活性来缓解铜、镉胁迫对平邑甜茶幼苗的伤害。     

不同铜、锰水平对荷斯坦种公牛血清抗氧化指标的影响

【研究目的】本试验旨在研究不同铜、锰水平对荷斯坦种公牛血清抗氧化指标的影响。【方法】试验选取40头荷斯坦种公牛,随机分为10组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组采用3×3试验设计,分别饲喂不同铜、锰水平的日粮,铜的添加水平分别为4、8、12mg/kg（按日粮干物质计）,锰的添加水平分别为50,125,200mg/kg,试验期8个月。【结果】结果表明：不同铜、锰水平对荷斯坦种公牛血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、锰超氧化物歧化酶（Mn-SOD）活性及血清一氧化氮（NO）含量差异极显著（P<0.01）,对总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（CuZn-SOD）差异显著（P<0.05）,对血清过氧化氢酶（CAT）,铜兰蛋白（CP）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。【结论】综合分析不同铜、锰水平下试验牛抗氧化指标的变化,铜的适宜添加水平为4-8mg/kg日粮干物质,锰的适宜添加水平为50mg/kg日粮干物质。     

Effects of vegetation regime on denitrification potential in two tropical volcanic soils

Effects of vegetation and nutrient availability on potentail denitrification rates were studied in two volcanic, alluvial-terrace soils in lowland Costa Rica that differ greatly in weathering stage and thus in availability of P and base cations. Potential denitrification rates were significantly higher in plots where vegetation had been left undisturbed than in plots where all vegetation had been removed continuously, and were higher on the less fertile of the two soils. The potential denitrification rates were correlated strongly with respiration rates, levels of mineralizable N, microbial biomass, and moisture content, and moderately well with concentrations of extractable NH _inf4 ^sup+ , Kjeldahl N, and total C. In all plots, denitrification rates were stimulated by the removal of O₂ and by the addition of glucose but not by the addition of water or NO _inf3 ^sup- .This is Paper 2772 of the Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University     

Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions in an unmanaged old‐growth beech forest

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a high‐impact greenhouse gas. Due to the scarcity of unmanaged forests in Central Europe, its long‐term natural background emission level is not entirely clear. We measured soil N₂O emissions in an unmanaged, old‐growth beech forest in the Hainich National Park, Germany, at 15 plots over a 1‐year period. The average annual measured N₂O flux rate was (0.49 ± 0.44) kg N ha^–1 y^–1. The N₂O emissions showed background‐emission patterns with two N₂O peaks. A correlation analysis shows that the distance between plots (up to 380 m) does not control flux correlations. Comparison of measured data with annual N₂O flux rates obtained from a standard model (Forest‐DNDC) without site‐specific recalibration reveals that the model overestimates the actual measured N₂O flux rates mainly in spring. Temporal variability of measured N₂O flux was better depicted by the model at plots with high soil organic C (SOC) content. Modeled N₂O flux rates were increased during freezing only when SOC was > 0.06 kg C kg^–1. The results indicate that the natural background of N₂O emissions may be lower than assumed by most approaches.     

Seed Iron in Diverse Soybean Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) in the embryo fraction of soybean (Glycine max L.) seed is important for seedling growth. Seed Fe accumulation in 27 soybean genotypes differing in seed size was studied at two field locations. Mean seed weight was 148 mg seed^?1 with mean individual genotypic values ranging from 68 to 217 mg seed^?1. Percentage of total seed dry matter in the seed-coat fraction, which was inversely correlated with individual seed weight, was 8.2%, with mean individual genotypic values ranging from 7.0% to 12.4%. Mean seed-Fe concentration [Fe] was 65 μg Fe g^?1, with individual genotypic values ranging from 48 to 81 μg Fe g^?1. Seed Fe relative to dry-matter distribution was much more concentrated in seed coats than in embryos of all genotypes. Mean percentage of total seed Fe located in the seed-coat fraction was 29%, with mean genotypic values ranging from 23% to 38%. Neither seed-Fe characteristic was correlated with individual seed weight. Seed [Fe] was not correlated with seed-manganese (Mn) concentration [Mn]. Mean seed [Fe] for the 27 genotypes was different at the two locations, presumably due to differences in available soil Fe. Both genotype and environment affected seed [Fe] of soybean. Soybean seed coats, a major by-product after oil extraction, are a possible rich source of Fe for human nutrition.     

Original Papers: Manganese toxicity of melon plants growing on an isolated soil bed after steam sterilization

(Jpn. J. Soil Sci.Plant Nutr., 77, 257–263, 2006)

The symptom of blighted leaves was observed for the melon plants grown on an isolated soil bed after steam sterilization (SS) in a greenhouse in Kochi Prefecture, Japan. To clarify the causes of this symptom, soil and plant analyses were conducted in the first experiment. Manganese concentrations in the leaves with the symptom were higher than 1,000 mg kg?1and exchangeable Mn in the soil was higher than 30 mg kg?1, which indicated the observed symptom was due to Mn excess. In the second experiment, formation of Mn oxide-dissolving substances after SS was examined for several organic amendments, because large amounts of palm chips had been supplied to the soil before SS in the first experiment. As a treatment similar to SS, palm chips, bark compost, and cattle feces manure were autoclaved. The water extracts were collected before and after the autoclave treatment and the Mn oxide-dissolving capacities of the extracts were evaluated. The Mn oxide-dissolving capacity of the water extracts after SS was remarkably higher than before SS, and the value was highest in palm chips, and followed by bark compost, and cattle feces manure. Fractionation and HPLC analysis of the water extracts after SS revealed that the main substance behind Mn oxide reduction in palm tips was arabinose and that in bark manure was malic acid. Further, Mn oxide-dissolving capacities of the water extracts were almost completely explained by the amounts of arabinose or malic acid found in these materials. From these results, it was considered that reducing substances such as arabinose were released by SS from the palm chips which had been applied in large quantity before SS and these reducing substances dissolved the soil Mn oxides and increased the amounts of available Mn, which led to the occurrence of Mn toxicity to the plants.     

Nitrifier dominance of Arctic soil nitrous oxide emissions arises due to fungal competition with denitrifiers for nitrate

Arctic soils emit nitrous oxide, which is a potent greenhouse gas and also represents an important loss of nitrogen to oligotrophic Arctic ecosystems. However, little is known about the temperature sensitivity of nitrous oxide release in Arctic soils or the organisms mainly responsible for it. We investigated controls on nitrous oxide emissions in an Arctic soil across a typical temperature range (between 4 and 13 °C) on Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada (75°40′N 84°35′W) at two different moisture contents. When fertilized with ammonia or nitrate, nitrous oxide emissions and temperature dependence of nitrous oxide emissions were insensitive to soil moisture content but linked to nitrification rates. Stable isotope analysis revealed that nitrous oxide was predominantly released by nitrifiers. However, nitrous oxide emissions were not linked to nitrifier prevalence with an insignificant (P < 0.219) increase in amoA genes and a (P < 0.01) decrease in archaeal nitrifiers. In contrast, denitrifier nosZ prevalence was 10,000 times greater than that of nitrifiers and was related to nitrous oxide emission potential when soils were fertilized with nitrate. Manipulating water-filled pore space should have changed the pattern of N₂O emissions. We used selective inhibitors to further explore why denitrification did not occur under field conditions when we manipulated water-filled pore space or when we used ¹⁵N analysis. When fungi were inhibited in the soil, nitrous oxide emissions from denitrifiers increased with no change in nitrous oxide released by nitrifiers. When fungi were active in the soil, there was little available nitrate but when fungi were inhibited, available soil nitrate increased over the incubation period. The dominance of nitrifiers in nitrous oxide emissions from Arctic soils under field conditions is linked to the competition for nitrate between fungi and denitrifiers.     

Nutritional (Fe-Mn) interactions in ‘Big Top’ peach plants as influenced by the rootstock and by the soil CaCO3 concentration

Manganese (Mn) toxicity in plants is often not a clearly identifiable disorder and it can interfere with the absorption, translocation, and utilization of other elements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, and P. Soil conditions, management factors, and the use of different genotypes of rootstock can determine the degree of Mn toxicity and of interaction with other elements in the orchard. Five plants of the cultivar ‘Big Top’® grafted onto itself, onto plum rootstock ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and onto hybrid peach x almond rootstock ‘GF677’ were grown in 25-L containers under three treatments, 0, 20, 30% concentration of total lime, obtained by mixing powdered CaCO₃ to a sandy soil. Plants were fertilized with manure and a solid fertilizer early in April and irrigated in summer periodically with water rich in manganese. After just 28 d, active lime caused a decrease of chlorophyll SPAD index especially in plants grafted on itself, while those grafted on the tolerant ‘GF677’ rootstock behaved better than those grafted on ‘Mr.S.2/5.’ From June to September, irrigation caused increases in soil Mn concentration and Mn concentration in control plants. This caused first a serious defoliation in Big Top / Big Top plants and then a re-greening of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ and ‘GF677,’ probably due to the interaction between iron and manganese at high pH. In particular the 20% CaCO₃ addition to the soil preserved the plants of cultivar grafted onto ‘Mr.S.2/5’ from Mn toxicity, as shown by their high chlorophyll content and growth and lower Mn leaf concentrations. Plants grafted onto ‘GF677’ rootstock showed the best behaviour under 30% CaCO₃ treatment associated to higher Fe(III)-reducing capacity and photosynthetic activity. Rootstocks and soil conditions (lime and waterlogging) influenced mineral status and growth of the peach cultivar ‘Big Top,’ particularly by interacting together and modifying Fe-Mn availability.     

Influence of soil-drying under field conditions on exchangeable manganese,cobalt, and copper contents

Abstract

The changes in the exchangeable Mn (Ex-Mn), exchangeable Co (Ex-Co), and exchangeable Cu (Ex-Cu) contents by air-drying of soils were reported in our previous paper. The drying effect, however, was not analyzed in the field. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of soil-drying under field conditions on Ex-Mn, Ex-Co, and Ex-Cu levels. Two paddy soils (Tsukuba and Yawara) were collected at four different soil depths (0?1, 1?5, 5?10, and 10?20 cm) under three different soil moisture conditions i.e., after harvest, after successive sunny days and after rainy days. After sunny days, Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents in the surface soil layer markedly increased and drastically decreased after rainfall, while they remained almost unchanged in the lower soil layers. Ex-Cu contents slightly increased in the surface soil layer after sunny days. A similar tendency was observed in soil column experiments. The contents of Ex-Mn, Ex-Co, and Ex-Cu increased 12, 12, and 2 times in the upper layer of soil columns that had been sampled from the Yawara field and stored in a dark room for 8 d. The increase of the Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents in the upper layer could not be explained by the capillary rise of soil water from the lower layers of the columns. In a soil-drying experiment under laboratory conditions, Ex-Mn and Ex-Co contents began to increase when the water content of the Yawara soil was lower than 0.09?0.13 kg kg^?1. The water content of the surface soil of the Yawara field after sunny days was 0.08 kg kg^?1. Ex-Cu content did not change apprecially with the water content. It is concluded that the increase of the Ex-Mn and Ex-Co levels in field surface soils after sunny days can be ascribed to soil-drying. Some of the excess Ex-Mn and Ex-Co is expected to leach down into lower layers due to rain, which may contribute to plant uptake of Mn and Co.