加强基础研究 促进科技创新——以新疆农业科学院省部级重点实验室为例

在推进“一带一路”核心区建设和国家全面加强基础科学研究发展的背景下,文章以新疆农业科学院省部级重点实验室近5年运行管理、科技创新、成果产出与转化为例,探讨如何利用区位优势,完善优化重点实验室平台环境,加强基础研究,促进科技创新,以期为更好地服务新疆“三农”工作提供思路。     

勤工助学与学生公寓管理

参与学生公寓的管理对于大学生勤工助学来说有着非常重要的意义，它不仅是大学生参加社会实践的一个重要方式，也是解决家庭经济困难学生问题的一种主要途径，同时在管理过程中也使学生实现了自我管理的目的。     

Management of calving in Norwegian cubicle-housed dairy herds.

Sixty of the 65 dairy farms with cubicle houses in the Norwegian county of Oppland were included in a field study of the management of calving in 1990. The farmers recorded the location of the cow when giving birth, farmer presence and whether assistance was given during calving, occurrence of suckling, and time after birth when cow and calf were separated. Such data were recorded for a total of 1125 calvings. About 10% occurred on pasture, while 78% of the remaining calvings took place in the cubicle-equipped section. Thirteen percent calved in a calving pen, the remaining cows being tethered at the time of calving. Thirty-two percent of the calvings took place in houses lacking a calving pen altogether. Farmers were present during 41% of the calvings. Suckling most frequently occurred after pasture calvings, and was least frequent after calvings within the cubicle-equipped section of the cowhouse. Injuries to the calf caused by trampling or contact with fittings etc. were rare, and no more common in association with calving in the cubicle-equipped section than with calving taking place with the cow isolated from the rest of the herd. All calves were removed from their dams within 24 h after birth.     

The role of models for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems for managing weeds

Weeds are both harmful for crop production and important for biodiversity, while herbicides can pollute the environment. We thus need new cropping systems optimising all cultural techniques, reconciling agricultural production, herbicide reduction and biodiversity conservation. Here, we show how to (i) develop models quantifying the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics, (ii) integrate interactions between weeds and other organisms, (iii) predict the impact on production and biodiversity and (iv) use the model for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems. Among the existing weed dynamics models, we chose the one closest to our requirements to illustrate these different steps, that is, FlorSys which predicts multispecific weed dynamics as a function of cultural techniques and pedoclimate. We have illustrated the development of interaction submodels with the example of a crop pathogen whose propagation is increased when infecting grass weeds. To evaluate the weed flora impact, predicted weed densities were translated into indicators of harmfulness (crop yield loss, technical harvest problems, harvest pollution, field infestation, crop disease increase) and biodiversity (weed species richness and equitability, trophic resources for birds, insects and pollinators). Simulations were run over several years and with different weather scenarios (i) to optimise cultural techniques to control harmful weeds, (ii) to analyse the impact of changing agricultural practices (e.g. simplified tillage and rotations, no‐till, temporary crops) on weed density, species and trait composition and (iii) to evaluate cropping systems for their ability to reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity, thus identifying levers for designing sustainable cropping systems.     

不同氮素水平下水分处理对北方粳稻蒸煮品质的影响

以不同类型水稻品种为材料,研究了中肥节水灌溉、高肥节水灌溉、高肥正常灌溉、中肥正常灌溉处理对粳稻蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明不同类型品种胶稠度不同:弯穗型品种>杂交稻>半直立穗型品种>直立穗型品种;施氮量对胶稠度的影响差异接近显著水平,水分对胶稠度的影响不显著,肥水之间存在耦合效应;氮肥对直链淀粉含量影响大于水分处理,中肥节水灌溉使直链淀粉含量升高,高肥节水灌溉可降低辽优3225、沈农8801及沈农8714直链淀粉含量,节水灌溉使弯穗品种粳稻的蒸煮品质变劣;肥水处理对碱消值没有影响。     

笋竹两用毛竹林经营管理技术探讨

以宁化国有林场毛竹林基地为研究对象,经过6年的抚育管理,竹林从立竹量小、年龄结构不合理、平均胸径小、立竹粗度差异大、立竹在林中分布不均逐步成为笋竹两用丰产林的林分结构,总结出笋竹两用毛竹林最重要的经营管理措施是劈山除杂、垦复、施肥、调整年龄结构和防治病虫害。     

Comparing multipurpose forest management with timber management,incorporating timber,carbon and oxygen values: A case study

Abstract

This paper comparatively examines two forest management planning approaches: multipurpose forest management and traditional timber management, with carbon, timber and oxygen production objectives in mind. The effects of both approaches on carbon and oxygen values were estimated with an oxygen and carbon flow matrix, while timber production was modelled through a growth and yield model. The estimated values were simultaneously integrated into a linear programming model developed for this study. The objective was to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the profits of timber, oxygen and carbon under the constraints of an even flow of timber production and ending forest inventory for each planning approach. The results showed that the ecological and environmental regulations in multipurpose management substantially decreased the NPV of timber production even though they increased the NPV of carbon and oxygen flow. The results also indicated that over a 100 year planning horizon the total NPV of all forest ecosystem values including carbon, timber and oxygen is almost the same (only 1.9% reduction in multipurpose management approach) in both management approaches. Although multipurpose management creates more NPV of carbon and oxygen than timber management does, the latter provides better results in terms of timber production. It is therefore important to take into account the NPV of all apparent and quantifiable forest values in preparing forest management plans, particularly in developing new management planning approaches.     

Biodiversity policies in commercial boreal forests: Optimal design of subsidy and tax combinations

This paper examines the first-best instruments for biodiversity maintenance in commercial boreal forests when landowners behave either in Faustmannian or Hartmanian way. Using an extended Hartman model, we show that biodiversity conservation requires both prolonged rotation age and leaving retention trees. While the former promotes some old growth species, the latter create new structural elements of decaying and dead wood, which can sustain a variety of saprolyxic species. A fully synchronized combination of retention tree subsidy and tax instrument is needed both to lengthen the privately optimal rotation period and to provide an incentive to leave retention trees. Using Finnish data we illustrate empirically the sizes of instruments. When combined with a harvest tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1000 and 750 € in the Faustmann and in the Hartman model, respectively. When used with a timber subsidy or a site value tax, the retention tree subsidy is 1700 €/ha in both models. The harvest tax rate varies over the range 40–65% in the Faustmann model and 20–40% in the Hartman model, while timber subsidy is between 0.5–1.0% and site value tax is about 1.75%.     

制造业PDM技术的分析与思考

对产品数据管理(PDM)的功能、发展趋势、关键技术分析等方面进行了阐述，并对PDM实施的准备工作、关键步骤等问题做了讨论，提供了企业实施PDM的有关方法。     

农村生活污水净化景观潜流池设计

根据农村每户每日污水产生量以及农村生活污水污染的成因和主要组成成分,提出了农村生活污水的治理思路;叙述了污水净化景观潜流池及其净水流程的设计方法,指出了适宜于潜流池生长的水生植物。