不结球白菜维生素C和可溶性糖含量的遗传分析

采用主基因—多基因混合遗传模型分析方法,对不结球白菜乌塌菜×矮脚黄、雪克青×矮脚黄两个组合的维生素Ｃ、可溶性糖含量进行单世代和联合世代遗传分析。结果表明,两组合中维生素Ｃ含量遗传符合一个主基因和多基因的混合遗传模型,主基因遗传率为５２６８％～７４１２％。可溶性糖在雪克青×矮脚黄组合中也符合主基因—多基因遗传模型,主基因遗传率为８９７３％～８９７９％。维生素Ｃ和可溶性糖主基因效应均以加性效应为主,在乌塌菜×矮脚黄组合中,两性状主基因有较明显的负向显性效应,在雪克青×矮脚黄组合中,显性效应不明显。育种实践中应注重对主基因加性效应的利用。     

Soil saturation effects on forest dynamics: scaling across a southern boreal/northern hardwood landscape

Patch modeling can be used to scale-up processes to portray landscape-level dynamics. Via direct extrapolation, a heterogeneous landscape is divided into its constituent patches; dynamics are simulated on each representative patch and are weighted and aggregated to formulate the higher level response. Further extrapolation may be attained by coarsening the resolution of or lumping environmental data (e.g., climatic, edaphic, hydrologic, topographic) used to delimit a patch.Forest patterns at the southern boreal/northern hardwood transition zone are often defined by soil heterogeneity, determined primarily by the extent and duration of soil saturation. To determine how landscape-level dynamics predicted from direct extrapolation compare when coarsening soil parameters, we simulated forest dynamics for soil series representing a range of drainage classes from east- central Maine. Responses were aggregated according to the distribution of soil associations comprising a 600 ha area based on local- (1:12,000), county- (1:120,000) and state- (1:250,000) scale soil maps. At the patch level, simulated aboveground biomass accumulated more slowly in poorer draining soils. Different soil series yielded different communities comprised of species with various tolerances for soil saturation. When aggregated, removal of waterlogging caused a 20–60% increase in biomass accumulation during the first 50 years of simulation. However, this early successional increase and the maximum level of biomass accumulation over a 200 year period varied by as much as 40% depending on the geospatial data. This marked discrepancy suggests caution when extrapolating with forest patch models by coarsening parameters and demonstrates how rules used to rescale environmental data need to be evaluated for consistency.     

Habitat utilization and vertical movements of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) released from commercial and recreational fishing gears in the western North Atlantic Ocean: inferences from short duration pop-up archival satellite tags

Researchers have applied numerous techniques to improve billfish stock assessments, including habitat‐based models that incorporate behavioral and oceanographic parameters to standardize historical catch‐per‐unit‐effort time‐series data. These methods have allowed researchers to account for significant changes in the depths of pelagic longline (PLL) gear deployments over time. This study presents habitat‐use data recovered from high‐resolution 5‐ and 10‐day pop‐up satellite archival tags (PSATs) attached to 47 surviving white marlin released from commercial and recreational fishing gears offshore of the U.S. East Coast, the northern Caribbean, and Venezuela between 2002 and 2004. Data recovered from transmitting tags indicated that white marlin spent nearly half of their time associated with warm, near‐surface waters (<10 m). All fish displayed frequent short duration (mean: 39.8 min) vertical excursions from surface waters to depths averaging 51 m. Qualitative and multivariate classifications of data from completely transmitted movements of surviving white marlin revealed two major types of descents: one pattern was characterized by deep ‘V’‐shaped excursions of relatively short duration (mean: 23.4 min) while the other featured descents that were more broadly ‘U’‐shaped and confined to a specific depth range for an extended period of time (mean: 75.8 min). Based on the frequency, persistence, and patterns of these vertical movements, white marlin appear to direct a considerable proportion of foraging effort well below surface waters, a behavior that may account for relatively high catch rates of white marlin on some deep‐set PLL deployments.     

Model uncertainty in the ecosystem approach to fisheries

Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade‐offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.     

Temperature-dependent stock-recruitment model for walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around northern Japan

Changes in fish year‐class strength have been attributed to year‐to‐year variability in environmental conditions and spawning stock biomass (SSB). In particular, sea temperature has been shown to be linked to fish recruitment. In the present study, I examined the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST), SSB and recruitment for two stocks of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) around northern Japan [Japanese Pacific stock (JPS) and northern Japan Sea stock (JSS)] using a temperature‐dependent stock‐recruitment model (TDSRM). The recruitment fluctuation of JPS was successfully reproduced by the TDSRM with February and April SSTs, and February SST was a better environmental predictor than April SST. In addition, the JPS recruitment was positively related to February SST and negatively to April SST. The JSS recruitment modeled by the TDSRM incorporating February SST was also consistent with the observation, whereas the relationship between recruitment and February SST was negative, that is the opposite trend to JPS. These findings suggest that SST in February is important as a predictor of recruitment for both stocks, and that higher and lower SSTs in February act favorably on the recruitment of JPS and JSS respectively. Furthermore, Ricker‐type TDSRM was not selected for either of the stocks, suggesting that the strong density‐dependent effect as in the Ricker model does not exist for JPS and JSS. I formulate hypotheses to explain the links between SST and recruitment, and note that these relationships should be considered in any future attempts to understand the recruitment dynamics of JPS and JSS.     

全子叶生物活性豆腐凝胶特性的研究

通过因子筛选实验,确定了接种量、微生物转谷氨酰胺酶(MTG)用量和水豆比是影响全子叶生物活性豆腐凝胶特性的关键因子。在此基础上,采用响应曲面法(Response SurfaceMethodology,RSM)分别建立了豆腐硬度和持水率的二次多项数学模型,验证了模型的有效性并探讨了上述3个因子的交互作用。从产品成本和凝胶特性综合考虑,选择出最佳配比,即乳酸菌接种量为105cfu/mL,MTG用量为347 U/L,水豆比为8.5,其硬度和持水率实测值分别为44.8g和89.2%,可生产出富含乳酸菌和几乎全部大豆营养的健康豆腐。     

小麦蚜虫抗药性现状及综合治理策略

综述了麦蚜抗药性的形成和发展、抗药性现状、抗药性机理等,并提出了相应的综合治理策略。     

细河污染物在地下水中运移规律的模拟研究

为了研究河水中污染物在地下水中运移规律,分析了细河污染对地下水的影响,根据细河水文地质条件建立了污染物在地下水中运移的2区动力学模型,对河水中氨氮、总硬度等组分在地下水中的运移规律进行了模拟研究。结果表明,随运移距离的增加,污染物浓度逐渐降低;地下含水层对河流中部分污染物具有较强的去除能力,如对氨氮、耗氧量的去除率可达98%以上;水分蒸发对部分污染物具有浓缩作用,地下水中总硬度等组分浓度逐渐升高,并高于污染源浓度。     

农村小额信贷的国际考察与借鉴

该文介绍了国际农村小额信贷的多种模式及成功经验;分析了我国现行小额信贷的现状,探讨了如何因地制宜,通过制度供给的方式,推进我国小额信贷发展的建议。     

专业服务馆员模式探讨——以深圳职业技术学院图书馆为例

专业服务馆员制度是提升图书馆服务功能的有效途径。从专业服务馆员制度产生的背景、工作内容、服务效果、存在问题及对策等方面时深圳职业技术学院图书馆专业服务馆员制度进行了探讨。