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101.
102.
A general bio-economic model for beef cattle production was used to define breeding objectives for Charolais cattle to be utilized in a variety of linked production systems. Economic weights were calculated for 16 traits (some with both direct and maternal components) in three production systems (pure-breeding and terminal crossing with beef or dairy cows) and two marketing strategies (sale or fattening of weaned surplus calves). Economic weights for the total breeding objective were calculated as weighted averages, where weights were numbers of cows expected to be mated with Charolais bulls in each production system and marketing strategy. Results suggest that the direct component of calving performance and cow longevity were of primary economic importance in all systems. Conception rate of cows and weaning weight reached about 50% of the standardized economic weight of calving performance in purebred systems with sale of weaned calves, whereas in purebred systems with fattening the economic importance of the direct component of cow conception rate, losses at calving, mature weight of cows, weaning weight, and fattening traits were of equal importance (each approximately about 20% that of calving performance). In terminal crossing systems, weaning weight was important when calves were sold at weaning, and fattening traits were important for systems selling fattened animals. The bio-economic model performed well under the conditions of this demonstration and could easily be customized for other applications. 相似文献
103.
水分管理方式对香根草生长发育的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
对四种不同的水分管理条件下香根草生长研究发现:香根草最适宜在土壤水分饱和的湿润环境中生长,这时它的成活率最高,分蘖速度最快,植株高度生长也最快,定植后3个月,其对应的根体积、根干生物量、茎叶干生物量和根茎比也最高。 相似文献
104.
旱地保护性耕作地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型 总被引:12,自引:3,他引:12
在田间试验和对现有径流模型及土壤水分平衡模型改进的基础上,建立了适用于保护性耕作的地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型。该模型以日为步长,根据气象数据、土壤水分状况、作物生长发育及耕作管理措施,模拟不同耕作管理体系下地表径流和田间水分平衡的变化。针对保护性耕作的特点,主要对径流曲线数字(USDA—Curve Number)法进行了改进,在PERFECT模型的基础上增加了坡度和降雨强度两因素的影响,从而使模型较全面地考虑了残茬覆盖、耕作、坡度及降雨强度等多种因素对径流的影响;采用简单实用的Priestley—Taylor公式计算潜在蒸散量,并考虑作物覆盖与残茬覆盖对土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾的影响。通过田间径流试验和根层有效贮水量测定数据的验证,证明了地表径流和土壤水分的模拟值与实测值比较接近。 相似文献
105.
宜吉共建黄河壶口瀑布旅游风景名胜区的合作方案研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
黄河壶口瀑布旅游风景名胜区由于地跨晋陕两省,长期以来以行政为单元进行独立开发的模式制约了景区的发展。本文在认真分析了现行的开发模式和三种可供选择的方案之后,提出了一种可行的创新方案。 相似文献
106.
关中平原小麦产量对气候变化区域响应的评价模型研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
根据关中地区宝鸡、西安、渭南与咸阳 4地 (市 )的 1 949~ 1 999年的逐年小麦单产记录序列以及 4地 (市 )的气象观测站点自建站以来至 2 0 0 0年近 5 0年的气象记录序列 ,对关中地区小麦产量与年均温、年降水作相关分析 ;探讨了关中地区小麦单产对气候变化区域响应的评价模型。结果发现 :关中平原气候具有暖干化趋势 ;随着气温变暖 ,小麦产量增加幅度减小 ;小麦产量对降水波动的响应比对气温波动的响应显著。 相似文献
107.
Michael E. Patterson Jessica M. Montag Daniel R. Williams 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2003,1(3):171-183
Increasing urbanization of rural landscapes has created new challenges for wildlife management. In addition to changes in the physical landscape, urbanization has also produced changes in the socio-cultural landscape. The greater distancing from direct interaction with wildlife in urbanized societies has led to the emergence of a culture whose meanings for wildlife are less grounded in the utilitarian/instrumental orientation of rural agrarian systems. Urban perspectives on wildlife are comprised of more highly individualized emotional/symbolic values. This shift creates two problems with respect to managing wildlife in an urbanizing landscape. First the increased diversity in values and meanings increases the likelihood for social conflicts regarding wildlife management while at the same time making socially acceptable resolutions more intractable. This in turn requires fundamental changes in decision-making paradigms and the research approaches used to inform decision making. Second, as remaining rural communities feel the pressures of urbanization, wildlife conflicts become conflicts not just over wildlife but conflict over larger socio-political concepts such as equity, tradition, private property rights, government control, power, and acceptable forms of knowledge. This paper examines the wildlife management implications of changes associated with increasing urbanization and employs two case studies to illustrate these issues. First a study of a controversy over urban deer management provides insights into how to map conflicting values and search for common ground in an urban culture with increasingly individualistic values for wildlife. Specifically, the analysis illustrates that common ground may, at times, be found even among people with conflicting value systems. The second case study examined a ranching community faced with predator reintroduction. This case study illustrates tensions that occur when the community of interest (i.e. a national public) is broader than the community of place in which the problem occurs. In this latter situation, the debate centers around more than just different views about the rights of animals. It also entailed the rights of individuals and communities to decide their future. The conclusion discusses the need for wildlife institutions to adapt their underlying decision making philosophy including the way science is integrated into decision making processes in light of the changes in social context caused by urbanization. 相似文献
108.
Assessing the potential impacts of alternative landscape designs on amphibian population dynamics 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
An individual-based, spatially explicit population model was used to predict the consequences of future land-use alternatives for populations of four amphibian species in two central Iowa (midwest USA) agricultural watersheds. The model included both breeding and upland habitat and incorporated effects of climatic variation and demographic stochasticity. Data requirements of the model include life history characteristics, dispersal behavior, habitat affinities, as well as land use and landcover in geographic information systems databases. Future scenarios were ranked according to change in breeder abundance, saturation, and distribution, compared to baseline conditions. Sensitivity of simulation results to changes in model parameters was also examined. Simulated results suggest that while all four species modeled are likely to persist under present and future scenario conditions, two may be more at risk from future landscape change. Although the study species are all widespread generalists regarded as having a low conservation priority, they depend on wetlands and ponds, increasingly endangered habitats in agricultural landscapes. Broader conservation strategies in the region would ensure that these currently common organisms do not become the endangered species of the future.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
109.
Effects of winter wheat cultivars and seed rate on the biological characteristics of naturally occurring weed flora 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Summary Differential competitive ability of six winter wheat cultivars and traits that confer such attributes were investigated for a range of seed rates in the presence or absence of weeds for a naturally occurring weed flora in two successive years in split-plot field experiments. Crop height and tillering capacity were considered suitable attributes for weed suppression, although competitiveness is a relative rather than an absolute characteristic. Maris Huntsman and Maris Widgeon were the most competitive cultivars whereas Fresco was the least competitive. Manipulation of seed rate was a more reliable factor than cultivar selection for enhancement of weed suppression, although competitiveness of cultivars Buster, Riband and Maris Widgeon was not enhanced by increased seed rate. Crop densities ranging between 125 and 270 plants m−2 were found to offer adequate weed suppression. Linear relationships were observed between individual and total weed species dry weight and reproductive structures per unit area. 相似文献
110.
Denis J. Sonwa Ousmane Coulibaly A. Akinwumi Adesina Stephan F. Weise Mathurin Tchatat 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2002,7(3):191-199
Imports of pesticides have long been subsidised for use in the cocoa agroforests of the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon.
With the liberalisation of the cocoa and pesticides sectors and the devaluation of the local currency (CFA franc), farmers
are facing fluctuations in the price paid for cocoa and the high cost of farm inputs. Without the support of the extension
services, they themselves have developed traditional integrated control methods based on the use of plant extracts mixed with
conventional pesticides. From a survey of 300 cocoa farmers, the study assesses the farmers' command of these methods, the
pests controlled, the problems encountered and the institutional constraints in the definition and dissemination of integrated
control methods. The study concludes with recommendations for research and development towards the better definition and dissemination
of integrated control methods.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献