Serotonergic Innervation of the Salivary Glands and Central Nervous System of Adult Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae), and the Impact of the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (GpSGHV) on the Host

Using a serotonin antibody and confocal microscopy, this study reports for the first time direct serotonergic innervation of the muscle sheath covering the secretory region of the salivary glands of adult tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes Austen. Reports to date, however, note that up until this finding, dipteran species previously studied lack a muscle sheath covering of the secretory region of the salivary glands. Direct innervation of the salivary gland muscle sheath of tsetse would facilitate rapid deployment of saliva into the host, thus delaying a host response. Our results also suggest that the neuronal and abnormal pattern seen in viral infected glands by the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV) is due to a compensatory increased branching of the neurons of the salivary glands, which is associated with the increased size of the salivary glands in viral infected flies. This study shows for the first time serotonin in the cell bodies of the brain and thoracico-abdominal ganglion in adult tsetse, G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae). A hypothesis is proposed as to whether innervation of the muscle sheath covering of the secretory region of the salivary glands is present in brachyceran compared with nematoceran dipterans; and, a plea is made that more research is needed to develop a blood feeding model, similar to that in the blow flies, for elucidating the various mechanisms involved in production and deployment of saliva.     

苜蓿黄酮对热应激下体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞凋亡的影响

本实验旨在研究苜蓿黄酮对热应激下体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的影响。将乳腺上皮细胞分成5组,每组培养基中分别含有0,25,50,75和100 μg/mL苜蓿黄酮,同时置于细胞培养箱37℃,5%CO₂培养72 h,再在 42℃恒温水浴锅中热应激1 h后返回细胞培养箱培养12 h,检测细胞活性、抗氧化指标和相关基因的表达。结果显示:1)添加25 μg/mL组的细胞活性显著高于0和50 μg/mL组(P<0.05),其他各组之间差异不显著。2)相对于0 μg/mL组,50~100 μg/mL组细胞的GSH-Px活性升高(P<0.01),LDH和MDA含量降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),而CAT活性无显著性差异。3)相对于0 μg/mL组,50和75 μg/mL组Caspase3和Socs3基因表达降低(P<0.01),25 μg/mL组P53、Stat1和Socs1基因表达升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),而Bcl-2和Fas基因表达无显著差异。综上所述,在热应激下,苜蓿黄酮能够提高体外培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的活性,改善抗氧化能力和抑制细胞凋亡,其中添加75 μg/mL效果较好。     

中国水牛(Bubalus bubalis)鼻唇镜的研究 Ⅲ.鼻唇腺的组织化学

在研究中国水牛鼻唇腺显微与亚微结构的基础上,对水牛鼻唇腺的组织化学(核酸、多糖、糖蛋白、脂类,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶等)进行测定。显微镜观察表明,鼻唇腺腺泡细胞胞质与导管管腔内的分泌物均含较多的 PAS 阳性颗粒。用不同 pH 的 AB 染色加以鉴别,证实这些 PAS阳性颗粒属于涎粘液,是分泌物的重要成分。鼻唇腺是一种由纯浆液性腺泡构成的唾液腺,其分泌物通过导符系统运送到鼻唇镜表面,水牛不断用舌舔其表面,从而咽入腺体分泌物。     

日本海马（Hippocampus japonicus）仔鱼期脑垂体发育的组织学研究

本文研究了日本海马（Ｈｉｐｐｏｃａｍｐｕｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）仔鱼期脑垂体形态变化和激素分泌细胞的分化。１日龄仔鱼脑垂体的形态已建成，属于前后型，类同于海马成体脑垂体。腺垂体内各种激素分泌细胞均未分化，根据细胞大小和排列方式可区分出ＲＰＤ、ＰＰＤ和ＰＩ三个区域。神经垂体只见于ＲＰＤ和ＰＰＤ交界的背上方。５日齿仔鱼腺垂体内ＧＨ细胞已分化，占ＰＰＤ的２／３，其他激素分泌细胞未见分化。１０日龄仔鱼脑垂体内除ＧＨ细胞外，未见其他种类激素分泌细胞分化。１５日龄仔鱼脑垂体ＲＰＤ内ＡＣＴＨ细胞已分化，ＰＰＤ和ＰＩ内除ＧＨ细胞外，其他种类激素分泌细胞均未分化。３０日龄仔鱼ＲＰＤ、ＰＰＤ和ＰＩ内各种激素分泌细胞都已分化，共有６种激素分泌细胞，分别是促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）分泌细胞，催乳激素（ＰＲＬ）分泌细胞，生长激素（ＧＨ）分泌细胞、促甲状腺激素（ＴＳＨ）分泌细胞、促性腺激素（ＧＴＨ）分泌细胞和促黑激素（ＭＳＨ）分泌细胞。     

转移抑制基因nm23—H1在涎腺癌中的表达

目的：观察ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因表达与涎腺癌发生和转移的关系。方法：采用免疫组织化学法。结果：ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因在涎腺癌中表达阳性率为８８．３３％，癌旁涎腺组织为３７．５０％；ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１表达的阳性率与涎腺癌发生的部位、肿瘤大小及临床分期无关，而ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１高表达与颈淋巴结转移呈负相关。结论：ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因与涎腺癌发生有关；ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１高表达对涎腺癌颈淋巴结转移具有抑制作用。     

转甜味蛋白Brazzein基因乳腺特异表达载体的山羊体细胞株筛选

[目的]建立通过山羊乳汁获取甜味蛋白Brazzein的方法.[方法]将前期工作中构建的Brazzein基因山羊乳腺特异表达载体STP-pBC1进行线性化,采用脂质体法转染山羊成纤维细胞,以期获得转基因阳性细胞.[结果]采用脂质体法转染山羊成纤维细胞后,通过最适G418浓度（400 μg/ml）筛选获得转基因阳性细胞;转基因阳性细胞形态呈现梭形且核仁清晰,其生长曲线呈现正常的“S”;转基因阳性细胞经冷冻复苏后,仍呈现与冷冻前新鲜转基因细胞相似的形态和生长曲线;PCR鉴定结果表明,STP-pBC1已整合入转基因细胞的基因组中.[结论]成功获得乳腺特异的转甜味蛋白基因Brazzein的山羊成纤维细胞株.     

副性腺蛋白消化法和匀浆法获得中华绒螯蟹游离精子比较研究

为了获得中华绒螯蟹形态良好及最佳生理状态的游离精子,采用副性腺蛋白消化法和机械匀浆法获取中华绒螯蟹精子,比较两种方法所得精子的密度和成活率,并用80μg/mL的钙载体A23187对所得精子进行诱导,比较两种方法所得精子诱导后的顶体反应率,以及精子顶体反应各时期的比例。结果显示:副性腺蛋白消化法获得的精子密度为(1.83±0.87)×108/mL,成活率为(99.37±0.11)%,均显著高于机械匀浆法(P0.05)。室温诱导30min后,副性腺蛋白消化法所得精子的顶体反应率为(51.77±31.18)%,是自发顶体率的2.97倍。匀浆法所得精子的顶体反应率为(74.54±13.84)%,与自发顶体率相比无显著差异(P0.05)。此外,由于匀浆法对精子膜的损伤,其所得精子中发生顶体反应的精子多处于第III时期,比例为(70.41±25.81)%,能够进入第IV时期的比例仅为(21.16±22.45)%,而副性腺蛋白消化法所得精子中发生顶体反应的精子多处于第IV时期,比例为(69.09±9.29)%。表明,通过副性腺蛋白消化法获得中华绒螯蟹精子的方法显著优于机械匀浆法。     

Identification and Characterization of Aldehyde Oxidase 5 in the Pheromone Gland of the Silkworm (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)

Aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are a subfamily of cytosolic molybdo-flavoenzymes that play critical roles in the detoxification and degradation of chemicals. Active AOXs, such as AOX1 and AOX2, have been identified and functionally analyzed in insect antennae but are rarely reported in other tissues. This is the first study to isolate and characterize the cDNA that encodes aldehyde oxidase 5 (BmAOX5) in the pheromone gland (PG) of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The size of BmAOX5 cDNA is 3,741 nucleotides and includes an open reading frame, which encodes a protein of 1,246 amino acid residues. The theoretical molecular weight and isoelectric point of BmAOX5 are approximately 138 kDa and 5.58, respectively. BmAOX5 shares a similar primary structure with BmAOX1 and BmAOX2, containing two [2Fe-2S] redox centers, a FAD-binding domain, and a molybdenum cofactor (MoCo)-binding domain. RT–PCR revealed BmAOX5 to be particularly highly expressed in the PG (including ovipositor) of the female silkworm moth, and the expression was further confirmed by in situ hybridization, AOX activity staining, and anti-BmAOX5 western blotting. Further, BmAOX5 was shown to metabolize aromatic aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and vanillic aldehyde, and fatty aldehydes, such as heptaldehyde and propionaldehyde. The maximum reaction rate (V_max) of benzaldehyde as substrate was 21 mU and K_m was 1.745 mmol/liter. These results suggested that BmAOX5 in the PG could metabolize aldehydes in the cytoplasm for detoxification or participate in the degradation of aldehyde pheromone substances and odorant compounds to identify mating partners and locate suitable spawning sites.     

乳腺对氨基酸的摄取及其调控机制研究进展

乳蛋白是乳中重要的营养成分之一,超过90%的乳蛋白是乳腺利用从血液中摄取的氨基酸从头合成,因此在保证氨基酸充足供给的前提下,乳腺对氨基酸摄取率的高低是影响乳蛋白产量的关键因素。血液中的氨基酸不能自由扩散进出乳腺,需要由乳腺上皮细胞膜上特异的氨基酸转运载体(AAT)协助完成。而乳腺AAT活性受到营养物质和激素水平的调节,当乳腺感知到营养物质和激素水平变化的信号,能够通过激活或抑制以哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)和一般性调控阻遏蛋白激酶2(GCN2)为核心的2条信号通路的活性,进而影响AAT活性,调节乳腺对氨基酸的摄取。本文主要从乳腺AAT的分类和功能、影响乳腺摄取氨基酸的主要因素以及调控乳腺氨基酸摄取的信号通路机制3个方面作一综述,旨在从氨基酸摄取的角度为提高乳蛋白的合成提供参考。     

池塘养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育过程中的脂肪酸组成及变化

池塘养殖斑节对虾在卵巢发育成熟过程中,卵巢和肝胰腺中的EPA（20∶5n-3）的含量呈下降趋势,在产卵后恢复到未成熟期的水平.18∶2n-6和20∶4n-6呈现一定幅度上升,分别在成熟期（Ⅴ）达到最高.18∶1n-9在肝胰腺中呈现一定幅度上升,而在卵巢中则下降.DHA（22∶6n-3）在卵巢中呈现波动,成熟期最低;肝胰腺中相对稳定而轻微下降.随产卵次数增加,卵中的16∶0、总的饱和脂肪酸（SFA）的含量及DHA/EPA的比值呈上升趋势,18∶2n-6,20∶4n-6,22∶6n-3及总的n-6含量保持相对稳定,而18∶1n-9,20∶5n-3,22∶5n-3及总的n-3含量呈下降趋势.分析结果表明,n-3、n-6系列脂肪酸,特别是DHA、EPA、18∶2n-6、20∶4n-6对卵巢和幼体的发育非常重要,不同脂肪酸之间的平衡也很重要.在斑节对虾亲虾饲料中应提供丰富的高度不饱和脂肪酸,并保持适宜的n-3 /n-6、PUFA/SFA、DHA/EPA之比.