窄冠黑青杨对重金属复合胁迫的生理响应

采用盆栽试验方法研究了不同浓度Pb2+、Cd2+、Hg2+复合胁迫下黑青杨的相关生理生化指标的变化.结果表明:随着重金属复合胁迫浓度的增加,黑青杨的根系活力、光合活性各指标呈下降的趋势;叶片游离脯氨酸含量与丙二醛(MDA)呈逐渐增加趋势;在较低浓度的Pba+、Cd2+、Hg2+复合胁迫的处理下,黑青杨根系活力稍有增强,说明低浓度的复合胁迫对其有一定的刺激作用;随着土壤复合胁迫浓度增加,黑青杨的净光合速率(Pn)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C1)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)逐渐下降,且均在最高处理浓度时达到谷值.研究发现,高浓度的Pb2+、Cd2+、Hg2+复合胁迫所导致的Pn下降是由气孔限制因素所致.本研究能为环境监测中评价土壤重金属污染程度提供参考,同时也为受污染地区绿化树种的选择提供科学的理论依据.     

金鱼胚胎发育过程中免疫相关酶活性及丙二醛含量的变化

以金鱼(Carassius auratus)胚胎为研究对象,于受精卵发育24 h时开始取样,以后每隔24 h分别取正常发育胚胎作为实验样品.采用生物化学方法分别测定金鱼胚胎发育不同时期溶菌酶和过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛含量.结果显示,溶菌酶(lysozyme,LSZ)活性在金鱼胚胎发育过程中呈现下降的趋势,受精后96 h胚胎中LSZ活性降至最低点,为(0.450±0.064) U/mg; 96 h和以后的120 h、144 h胚胎LSZ活性均显著低于24 h胚胎LSZ活性(P＜0.05).过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性在胚胎发育过程中也呈现下降的变化趋势,96 h、120 h和144 h胚胎CAT活性显著低于24 h胚胎CAT活性(P＜0.05).而丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量在胚胎发育中呈逐渐增多的趋势,96 h后明显增多,120 h和144 h胚胎MDA含量显著高于24 h胚胎MDA含量(P.＜0.05).金鱼胚胎发育过程中LSZ和CAT活性逐渐降低是由于这两种母源性的酶在胚胎发育中逐步消耗,而自身酶合成系统尚未形成所致.CAT活性降低导致活性氧自由基增多和MDA逐渐积累,说明胚胎发育后期细胞内已发生一定的氧化应激反应.     

干旱胁迫下葡萄根系的生理生化变化与抗旱性的关系

以盆栽不同抗旱类型葡萄品种为试材,研究了干旱胁迫下,葡萄根系的生理生化变化。结果表明:葡萄根系的生理生化指标与抗旱性有密切的相关性。葡萄根系的相对电导率值,随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增大,抗旱性强的品种其膜结构破坏相对要轻,其相对电导率变化小,因此其相对电导率值维持较低的水平;随干旱胁迫加强,不同葡萄品种根系组织中游离脯氨酸含量的变化呈现上升趋势,抗旱的葡萄品种,其游离脯氨酸含量变化明显大于不抗旱品种;干旱胁迫下,葡萄根系丙二醛含量增加,抗旱性弱品种增幅大,抗旱性强的品种增幅小;随着干旱胁迫程度的加强,过氧化物酶活性变化,表现为先上升后下降趋势,抗旱性强的葡萄品种,其根系过氧化物酶活性维持在较高的水平。     

Response of Vitis vinifera L. plants inoculated with Phaeoacremonium angustius and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora to thiabendazole,resveratrol and sodium arsenite

The effect of some pesticides (sodium arsenite, thiabendazole and ziram) and the natural phytoalexin (resveratrol) on mycelial growth of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium angustius was studied. Several strains of these species were grown on malt extract agar (MEA) plates containing different concentrations of inhibitory compounds and colony diameters were measured. While sodium arsenite and ziram had little effect on the growth of both species, thiabendazole inhibited colony growth, at minimum concentrations of 6 μM for Ph. chlamydospora and 15 μM for P. angustius. Resveratrol at concentrations equal to or grater than 867 μM also inhibited colony growth of both species. To assay the effect of these substances on plant response to infection, in vitro grapevines were inoculated with Ph. chlamydospora or P. angustius spores and were grown in the presence of sodium arsenite (0–30 μM), thiabendazole (0–30 μM) or resveratrol (0–876 μM). Infected untreated plants and sodium arsenite-treated plants developed symptoms of senescence (reduced growth, increased membrane lipid peroxidation, and decreased chlorophyll content and fluorescence). In contrast, infected plants treated with thiabendazole (30 μM) or with resveratrol (876 μM) showed similar characteristics of fresh weight, malondialdehyde accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence to those of uninfected plants. These results are promising with respect to the use of thiabendazole-containing pesticides as alternatives to currently used pesticides for control of esca in vines. Results also suggest that the presence of resveratrol in grapevines may be useful to induce resistance to these fungi.     

Effect of silicon on antioxidant and stomatal response of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) rootstocks grown in boron toxic,saline and boron toxic-saline soil

We investigated individual and combined effects of B toxicity and salinity in the presence or absence of silicon on the shoot growth, concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), boron (B) and silicon (Si), and stomatal resistance (SR), lipid peroxidation (MDA), proline accumulation, H₂O₂ accumulation and the activities of major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activity grapevine rootstocks of 41B (V. Vinifera × V. Berlandieri) and 1103P (V. Berlandieri × V. Rupestris). Applied Si counteracted the deleterious effects of salinity and boron toxicity on shoot growth by lowering the accumulation of Na in 1103P, and B and Cl in the both rootstocks. Stomatal resistance, MDA, and the concentrations of H₂O₂ and proline were higher in the plants grown in conditions of B toxicity, salinity and their combination while applied Si lowered these parameters. Lowering SOD and CAT but increasing APX, Si treatment significantly affected the enzyme activities of both rootstocks. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that Si alleviates the adverse effects of salinity, B toxicity and combined salinity-B toxicity on grapevine rootstocks by preventing both oxidative membrane damage and translocation of Na and B from root to shoots and/or soil to plant, and also lowering the phytotoxic effects of Na and B within plant tissues. When considering the antioxidative response and membrane systems, it was concluded that the rootstock 1103P was responsive to Si under stress conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report that Si improves the combined salt and B tolerance of grapevine grown under saline, B toxic, and B toxic and saline conditions which describes membrane related parameters and antioxidant responses.     

Histopathology and oxidative stress analysis of concomitant misoprostol and celecoxib administration

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), non-selective or selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2), reduce pain and inflammation associated with arthritic diseases. Celecoxib, a COX-2-selective inhibitor providing decreased gastric injury relative to non-selective NSAIDs, is commonly prescribed. Misoprostol, a prostaglandin analog, supplements NSAID-inhibited prostaglandin levels. As concomitant celecoxib and misoprostol administration has been shown to intensify renal adverse effects, this article examined the influence of concomitant administration on hepatic histopathology, oxidative stress, and celecoxib concentration. On days 1 and 2, rat groups (n = 6) were gavaged twice daily (two groups with vehicle and two groups with 100 μg/kg misoprostol). From day 3 to day 9, one celecoxib dose (40 mg/kg) replaced a vehicle dose of one group and one group received celecoxib in addition to misoprostol. Livers were harvested on day 10. No hepatic abnormalities were observed denoting a lack of influence by either drug. Also no change in mean biomarker levels was detected. The changes in hepatic celecoxib concentration in the misoprostol-receiving group compared to control were not significant. Thus misoprostol does not influence hepatic celecoxib effects in terms of histopathology, oxidative stress, or celecoxib concentration level at the dosage and duration examined.     

玉米赤霉烯酮对断奶小母猪生产性能、血清抗氧化功能和免疫功能的影响

为了研究不同水平玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone,ZEA)污染饲粮对断奶小母猪生产性能、血清抗氧化功能、血清抗体水平及外周血淋巴细胞增殖率的影响。将40头健康三元杂交(杜×长×大)断奶小母猪按日龄[(35±1)日龄]和平均体重[(14.01±0.86)kg]分为4组,对照组饲喂基础饲粮(ZEA水平的测定值为0 mg/kg),试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加0.5、1.0及1.5 mg/kg ZEA[ZEA水平的测定值分别为(0.52±0.07)mg/kg、(1.04±0.03)mg/kg和(1.51±0.13)mg/kg]。预试期10 d,正试期35 d。结果表明:饲粮ZEA对断奶小母猪平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比没有显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,ZEA显著降低了血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px,0.5、1.0和1.5 mg/kg ZEA)活性、猪瘟(1.0和1.5 mg/kg ZEA)和伪狂犬病病毒抗体水平(1.5 mg/kg ZEA)以及外周血淋巴细胞增殖率(1.0和1.5 mg/kg ZEA)(P0.05),而显著升高了血清丙二醛(MDA,0.5、1.0和1.5 mg/kg ZEA)含量(P0.05)。随着饲粮中ZEA水平的升高,断奶小母猪的料重比呈一次线性降低趋势(P=0.075),血清GSH-Px、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,血清病毒(猪瘟、伪狂犬病和高致病性猪蓝耳病病毒)抗体水平和外周血淋巴细胞增殖率均呈一次线性降低(P0.05),而血清MDA含量则呈一次线性升高(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中0.5 mg/kg的ZEA足以诱导小母猪的氧化应激反应,1.0 mg/kg的ZEA能够显著降低断奶小母猪的特异性体液免疫和细胞免疫功能。     

Effect of dietary antioxidant supplementation on the oxidative status of plasma in broilers

In this study, the effect of dietary antioxidants on the plasma oxidative status of growing birds fed a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was investigated. One‐day‐old broilers were fed for 42 days a diet containing 4% linseed oil and supplemented with single plant extracts rich in antioxidants (natural tocopherols, rosemary, grape seed, green tea, tomato) or a combination of some of these plant extracts, in two different total doses (100 and 200 mg product/kg feed). A diet with synthetic antioxidants with and without α‐tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg feed) were also included. The plasma oxidative status was evaluated measuring the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity. Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS). No significant effect of the dietary treatments was observed for FRAP as well as for TBARS. However, diet affected GSH‐Px activity (p = 0.002) and a trend for an effect on SOD activity was observed (p = 0.084). A higher GSH‐Px activity was found for 200 mg/kg tomato extract and natural α‐tocopherol in relation to the corresponding 100 mg/kg treatment, and the lowest GSH‐Px activity was measured for the synthetic antioxidants treatment. The lowest and highest SOD activity were found for the 200. and 100 mg/kg treatment with tomato extract respectively. In conclusion, the oxidative status and lipid oxidation of plasma in broilers was not affected by feeding natural antioxidant extracts at the doses in the present study, but some changes in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed, of which the implication remains to be elucidated.     

高羊茅和钝叶草对土壤缓慢水分胁迫的响应差异

以草坪草高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和钝叶草(Stenotaphrum secundatum)为材料,研究了盆栽条件下2种草的叶片和根系的质膜透性、抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理性状对土壤缓慢干旱胁迫(生长60 d,覆盖率达95%以上后断水处理)的响应.结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,高羊茅的土壤含水量下降比钝叶草更为迅速,相对电导率和MDA含量的增加幅度也相应高于钝叶草.SOD、POD、CAT 3种抗氧化酶活性均表现出先升后降的变化,高羊茅抗氧化酶活性的下降时期出现的比钝叶草早.在相同程度的干旱胁迫下,由于植物失水速度差异所引起的植物细胞受伤害程度、体内膜脂过氧化物含量及活性氧保护酶活性出现下降时期上的差异可能是2种草坪草抗旱性机制差异的一个重要原因.