不同灌溉方式对寒地粳稻抗旱生理性状的影响

本试验以东农425和东农427为试验材料,在水稻全生育期内以土壤水势为灌水衡量指标,研究了五种不同灌溉方式对寒地粳稻抗旱生理性状的影响,结果表明:在整个生育期内,处理的叶片脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)积累量、变化幅度基本趋势为:旱作>重干湿交替灌溉>轻干湿交替灌溉>中干湿交替灌溉>常规灌溉,重干湿交替灌溉和旱作处理显著增加了叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛含量。叶片脯氨酸、丙二醛含量与植株抗旱性及产量均呈负相关关系,其中脯氨酸含量相关性显著;重干湿交替灌溉和旱作处理的叶绿素(Chl)含量明显低于常规灌溉及轻干湿交替灌溉、中干湿交替灌溉处理,随着生育进程的推进,轻干湿交替灌溉、中干湿交替灌溉处理的叶片叶绿素含量反而高于其他处理。中干湿交替灌溉处理能够显著增加水稻叶片叶绿素含量,叶片叶绿素含量与植株抗旱性及产量呈显著正相关。中干湿交替灌溉处理是较为合理的灌溉方式,即田间土壤水势灌溉下限不应低于-20kPa。通过对植物抗旱性及抗旱相关生理指标的分析得出东农425的抗旱性较东农427强。     

铜胁迫对弯囊苔草（ Carex dispalata）生长和生理特性的影响

用水培方法研究了弯囊苔草在不同Cu^2＋浓度（1、5、25 mg·L^-1）胁迫下的生长特性和部分生理生化指标的变化。结果表明,不同Cu^2＋浓度胁迫下,弯囊苔草正常生长,但其生长特性表现出高浓度抑制的相关性, 高浓度下没有新生根。弯囊苔草叶片3种抗氧化酶活性都随胁迫时间的延长呈先上升再下降趋势。SOD在处理的第4 d达到峰值,且活性一直显著高于对照（P＜0.05）,3种Cu^2＋浓度处理下的峰值大小顺序为5 mg·L^-1＞25 mg·L^-1＞1 mg·L^-1。POD和CAT活性在处理第7 d达到峰值,POD活性峰值大小顺序为5 mg·L^-1＞1 mg·L^-1＞25 mg·L^-1;CAT活性峰值大小顺序为25 mg·L^-1＞5 mg·L^-1＞1 mg·L^-1。丙二醛（MDA）和可溶性糖含量都是随着胁迫时间的延长而上升,处理结束时的丙二醛（MDA）（r=0.988 0）和可溶性糖含量（r=0.951 2）与Cu^2＋浓度表现出正相关性。脯氨酸（Pro）含量随胁迫时间的延长也呈先上升后下降趋势,1 mg· L^-1和5 mg·L^-1 Cu^2＋浓度处理下脯氨酸（Pro）含量在处理第4 d达到最大值,25 mg·L^-1高浓度处理下脯氨酸（Pro）含量在处理第7 d达到最大值。叶绿素在5、25 mg·L^-1 Cu^2＋浓度处理下随胁迫时间的延长呈先上升后下降的趋势,1mg·L^-1Cu^2＋处理下的叶绿素含量不断上升,实验结束时各处理下叶片的叶绿素含量与处理浓度呈负相关。结果表明弯囊苔草能通过调节体内抗氧化酶活性来增强其抗氧化胁迫能力,这为其作为铜污染水体的修复植物提供了可能。     

Excess dietary tryptophan mitigates aflatoxicosis in growing quails

A biological assay was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary tryptophan (TRP) in aflatoxin B₁‐contaminated diets (AFB₁‐D) on performance, blood parameters, immunity, meat quality and microbial populations of intestine in Japanese quails. Six experimental diets were formulated to include two levels of dietary TRP; 2.9 (moderate high: MH‐TRP) and 4.9 g/kg (excess: Ex‐TRP); and three levels of AFB₁ (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg). Each experimental diet was fed to the one of the six groups of birds from 7 to 35 days of age in a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Decrease in feed intake, body weight gain and gain:feed in birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB₁‐D was restored to the control level by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet. The hepatic enzymes in blood were elevated in quails fed on AFB₁‐D but attenuated by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet (Ex‐TRP; p ≤ .01). High serum uric acid in birds challenged with AFB₁ significantly decreased by Ex‐TRP (p ≤ .01). The skin thickness to 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene challenge suppressed by AFB₁ but increased by Ex‐TRP diet (p ≤ .02). The AFB₁ increased the malondialdehyde in meat, whereas TRP efficiently diminished malondialdehyde production (p ≤ .01). The greatest drip loss and pH in meat were observed in the birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB₁‐D but Ex‐TRP augmented the adverse effects of AFB₁ (p ≤ .01). The Ex‐TRP reduced the total microbial and Escherichia coli counts (p ≤ .01). The adverse effect of AFB₁ on ileal Lactic acid bacteria was completely prevented by Ex‐TRP (p ≤ .03). This study showed that tryptophan supplementation could be considered as a powerful nutritional tool to ameliorate the adverse effects of AFB₁ in growing quails.     

盐胁迫对海姆维斯蒂枸子生长及丙二醛和脯氨酸含量的影响

采用盆栽试验法,设置2.16（CK）、3.16、4.16、5.16、6.16和7.16mg·L^-1浓度的NaCl溶液处理,研究了海姆维斯蒂枸子（Cotoneaster hjelmqvistii）的耐盐能力。试验采用随机区组设计,3次重复。对生长量和叶片中游离脯氨酸及丙二醛含量等指标进行了测定分析。结果表明：盐胁迫下,随着盐浓度的升高,叶片中游离脯氨酸含量表现为先上升后下降;而丙二醛则随盐浓度的升高基本保持上升趋势;3.16mg·L^-1处理与对照相比,新梢生长量的差异不显著,在高于3.16mg·L^-1的盐处理下,随着盐胁迫程度的加深,新梢生长量逐渐降低。根据盆栽试验结果及其在盐碱地中的生长表现,认为海姆维斯蒂枸子是一种具有较好耐盐性的木本地被植物,在含盐量4.00mg·L^-1以下的士壤中可正常生长。     

盐胁迫对四园林绿化树种叶片中叶绿素含量动态变化的影响

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理一年生苗木乌柏(Sapium sebiferum(L．)Roxb)、栾树(Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm．)、黄栌(Pistacia chinensis Bunge．)、法桐(Platanus orientalis L．)，研究了四园林绿化树种叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量的动态变化以及叶绿素与丙二醛、脯氨酸的相关性．结果表明，叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量均随盐胁迫程度的增加而降低，但叶绿素a和b降解的幅度以及叶绿素a／b值并不星现单一的变化趋势。相关分析表明．四树种总叶绿素含量与膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量负相关，说明盐胁迫下叶绿素的降解与膜脂过氧化存在着密切的关系．乌桕、栾树叶片中Chl与Pro含量星正相关；而法桐、黄栌则负相关，游离Pro的积累对叶绿素的合成与降解并未起直接作用。     

NaCl和温度双重胁迫对黑麦草幼苗叶绿素及相关酶活性的影响研究

控制黑麦草萌发时的NaCl浓度和温度,研究其幼苗叶片中的抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛和叶绿素含量的变化.研究发现,所测指标对温度和NaCl的综合反应差异很大.适量NaCl对所测指标均有一定促进作用;不同温度条件下叶绿素含量、SOD酶、POD酶和CAT酶的活性随NaCl浓度增大均表现为先升高后降低的趋势.但各指标对温度反应的差异却很大,20℃时黑麦草的叶绿素含量最高,SOD酶与CAT酶的活性在相同NaCl浓度下,均为10℃＞20℃＞30℃.POD酶在低NaCl浓度时,其活性为30℃＞20℃＞10℃,但NaCl浓度大于等于0.9%时,30℃的POD酶活性受抑明显,其活性最低.指示细胞受氧化损伤程度的MDA含量随温度和NaCl浓度的升高而增大.     

铝钙复合作用对杉木幼苗抗氧化能力的影响

采用水培法研究了铝钙复合作用对1年生杉木幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种抗氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明:高铝浓度(1.5 mmol·L~(-1))胁迫下,增加钙离子浓度可以明显降低杉木幼苗叶片MDA含量,增强SOD、CAT、POD活性,且增强效应随培养时间的延长而愈加明显;在高钙浓度(4.5 mmol·L~(-1))处理下,随着铝浓度的上升,幼苗叶片MDA含量升高,SOD、CAT活性下降,而POD活性变化却不明显。高铝浓度胁迫下杉木幼苗受毒害程度较大,而在高钙浓度下铝毒对杉木幼苗影响相对减弱;钙离子对杉木幼苗铝毒具有一定程度的缓解作用。     

木瓜秀粉蚧为害对不同木薯品种次生代谢物质含量的影响

次生代谢物质在植物防御植食性害虫时发挥重要作用,但目前尚无次生代谢物质与木薯品种抗虫相关性的报道。本研究系统开展了木瓜秀粉蚧为害前后不同木薯品种叶组织中总酚、丙二醛、单宁等次生代谢物质含量的差异分析。结果表明,与为害前相比,木瓜秀粉蚧为害1、4、8 d后,感虫木薯品种‘BRA900’‘面包’‘SC205’和‘瑞士T7’叶组织中总酚与丙二醛含量无显著差异,单宁含量则显著降低,而抗虫木薯品种‘缅甸’和‘C1115’叶组织中总酚和单宁含量显著增加,丙二醛含量显著降低。抗虫木薯品种的总酚含量在粉蚧为害前显著低于感虫木薯品种,而粉蚧为害1、4、8 d后显著高于感虫木薯品种;抗虫木薯品种丙二醛含量在为害前与感虫木薯品种无显著差异,粉蚧为害1、4、8 d后显著低于感虫木薯品种;抗虫木薯品种单宁含量在为害前后均显著高于感虫木薯品种。相关性分析发现,木薯对木瓜秀粉蚧的抗性与叶组织中总酚含量和单宁含量显著正相关,与丙二醛含量显著负相关。本研究初步阐明基于次生代谢物质总酚、丙二醛、单宁的木薯品种对木瓜秀粉蚧的抗性机理。     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯对红鳍笛鲷幼鱼的胁迫效应

为了探讨邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)对红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythropterus)幼鱼的胁迫效应,于DBP暴露后0、6、12、24、48和96 h时检测红鳍笛鲷鳃、肝和脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性。结果表明,DBP对红鳍笛鲷的24 h、48 h和96 h LC50分别为7.10 mg/L、6.98 mg/L和6.66 mg/L,安全质量浓度为2.04 mg/L。随着浓度增加,鳃组织中的SOD酶活性表现为先升高后下降,具有明显的时间效应;肝组织中的SOD酶活性在0.5 mg/L和2.0 mg/L浓度组交替表现为升高和降低,与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);而0.125 mg/L浓度组肝SOD没有明显变化。鳃组织中MDA含量在DBP暴露6 h后显著性增加(P<0.05),之后随时间延长而下降;DBP暴露6 h和12 h后,0.5 mg/L和2.0 mg/L浓度组肝组织中的MDA含量都显著升高(P<0.05),之后随时间延长MDA含量下降并趋于稳定。与对照组比较,DBP暴露48 h后,红鳍笛鲷脑组织中AChE酶活性显著升高(P<0.01),96 ...     

Effect of ginger supplementation on developmental toxicity induced by fenitrothion insecticide and/or lead in albino rats

Evaluation of the antioxidant and antiteratogenic role of ginger Zingiber officinale polyphenols against the toxicity induced by fenitrothion and/or lead in female albino rats were investigated. Adult virgin females were divided into 8 groups and were orally treated as follow: control (C), 1% w/w of ginger (G), 120 μg/animal lead as lead acetate (L), 10 mg/kg of fenitrothion (F), lead (120 μg/animal) fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (LF), ginger (1%w/w) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GF), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) (GL), ginger (1%w/w) + lead (120 μg/animal) + fenitrothion (10 mg/kg) (GLF). Treatments were expanded for 28 days before pregnancy and during gestation period from zero to 6th day. Blood samples were taken at the day 20th of gestation and animals were sacrificed to investigate the effect of tested substances on dams and development of their fetuses. Inhibition in AchE in (F) and (LF) groups and elevation in plasma AchE in (L) groups were observed. Elevation in oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) was recorded in all intoxicated groups concomitants with reduction in total reduced glutathione (GSH) and reduction in the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST). Elevation in liver function biomarkers alanin amintransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and reduction in plasma total protein and albumin were recorded in (F), (L) and (LF). Supplementation with ginger in diet attenuates the alteration in MDA, GSH, GST, ALT and AST, however, it failed to counteract the effect of F, L and LF on AchE, total protein and albumin. Significant alterations in maternal toxicity were recorded in (GF, GL, LF and GLF) compared with control group. Also, parameters of embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity indicated significant decrease in litter number that observed in F and L and the number of dead fetus/dam and litters number increased in L group. Supplementation with ginger decreased each of the number of died fetus, growth retardation and fetal length, while, it increased fetal weight. As regards to, teratological aspects, the percentage of skeletal malformations and visceral anomalies were observed in all feti obtained from treated groups with different percentages. Supplementation with ginger slightly attenuates the developmental toxicity of fenitrothion and/or lead.