Abscisic acid alleviates the deleterious effects of cold stress on ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) plants by improving the anti-oxidant activity and photosynthetic capacity of leaves

The effects of exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) on anti-oxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic capacity in ‘Sultana’ grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) were investigated under cold stress. When vines had an average of 15 leaves, 0 (control), 50, 100, or 200 µM ABA was sprayed to run-off on all leaves of each plant. Twenty-four hours after foliar spraying with ABA, half (n = 5) of the water-only control vines and half (n = 5) of each group of ABA-treated plants were subjected to 4°C for 12 h, followed by a recovery period of 3 d under greenhouse conditions (25°/18°C day/night). The remaining plants in each treatment group were kept at 24°C. Cold stress increased H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in vine leaves, whereas all foliar ABA treatments significantly reduced their levels. Chilled plants showed marked increases in their total soluble protein contents in response to each ABA treatment. ABA significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in cold-stressed grapevine leaves. In contrast, cold stress markedly decreased the rates of leaf photosynthesis (A) and evaporation (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, but increased intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C_i) in leaves. Treatment with all concentrations of ABA resulted in lower leaf A, E, and g_s values, but higher C_i values at 24°C. However, following cold stress, ABA-treated vines showed higher leaf A, E, and g_s values, but lower C_i values compared to control vines without ABA treatment. The application of 50–200 µM ABA allowed chilled vines to recover more quickly when re-exposed to normal temperatures, enabling the vines to resume their photosynthetic capacity more efficiently following cold stress. These results showed that, by stimulating anti-oxidant enzyme systems and alleviating cold-induced stomatal limitations, ABA reduced the inhibitory effect of cold stress on the rate of CO₂ fixation in ‘Sultana’ grapevine plants.     

质膜透性与丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化评价甘蔗品种抗旱性初探

通过水分胁迫下丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量与质膜透性的变化,以及模拟大田自然干旱环境下的生长、生产表现。初步评价了来自全国９个品种的耐旱、丰产性。经试验分析,认为福农８１－７４５、云蔗８９－１５１、桂糖８９－５、粤糖８６－３６８、云蔗８１－１７３、闽糖８８－１０３、桂糖１１、川蔗８１－５４８的耐旱、丰产性均优于新台糖１０（ＣＫ１）。其中云蔗８９－１５１、桂糖８９－５、福农８１－７４５的耐旱、丰产性与桂糖１１相当。     

Enhanced Lead Uptake by an Association of Plant and Earthworm Bioaugmented with Bacteria

Lead (Pb) is recorded as the second most hazardous pollutant of the environment. Previous cases of Pb bioremediation has been reported using single biosystem, but very few reports are available in biological approaches using multi-biosystems to achieve an enhanced bioremoval of Pb. The present study evaluated the capacity of a unique association of Pennisetum purpureum, a hyperaccumulator plant, and Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) bioaugmented with a Pb-resistant bacterium, obtained from an industrially contaminated site and identified as isolate VITMVCJ1 Klebsiella variicola, to bioremediate Pb. The Pb-resistant gene was amplified in the bacterial isolate VITMVCJ1. The study was conducted for 60 d. Results verified that the bioaugmentation process enhanced 1) root and shoot length of the plants, 2) chlorophyll content of the plants, and 3) biofilm-producing ability of the microbes from the rhizosphere region of the plants. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be lower in the plants in the bioaugmented setup. The study also observed a reduction in the toxic effects of Pb on earthworm and plant. The earthworm was used to assess the Pb-induced stress syndrome after exposure to sublethal concentrations of Pb in the soil. A reduction in the content of malondialdehyde, a potential biomarker, on exposure to Pb demonstrated the role of the inoculum to alleviate heavy metal-induced stress in earthworms. All three symbionts accumulated Pb; Pb was accumulated mainly in the root of the plant, and poorly in the shoot of the plant and body mass of the earthworm. The bioaugmentation system exhibited stable and excellent uptake of Pb from the contaminated soils. The results of the present study suggest the positive effect of the synergistic association of the plant and earthworm with appropriate microbes for the bioremoval of Pb.     

草甘膦铵盐对3种滩涂动物抗氧化酶、丙二醛及大弹涂鱼红细胞微核的影响

为评价草甘膦对河口及滩涂水域生物的影响,采用室内人工染毒法,研究了草甘膦铵盐对可口革囊星虫Phascolosoma esculenta、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta Lamark和大弹涂鱼Boleophthalmus pectinirostris 3种滩涂动物超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、丙二醛 (MDA) 及大弹涂鱼红细胞微核的影响。结果表明:经低浓度 (63.5 mg/L) 草甘膦短时间 (2 d) 染毒后,可口革囊星虫肠组织的SOD、CAT活性值及MDA含量分别为231.54、1.719 U/mg pro. 和0.60 nmol/mg pro.,3种指标均显著或极显著高于相应对照值 (204.88、1.521 U/mg pro. 和0.54 nmol/mg pro.),且随着药剂处理浓度增加,SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量均升高;但当染毒时间延长至8 d时,可口革囊星虫肠组织的SOD、CAT活性值及MDA含量均明显降低,分别为155.67、1.403 U/mg pro. 和0.53 nmol/mg pro.,显著低于对照,且随药剂处理浓度进一步增加,酶活性及MDA含量值降低更显著。草甘膦对缢蛏内脏团及大弹涂鱼肝脏SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响表现出类似规律。此外,经低浓度 (53.5 mg/L) 草甘膦染毒8 d后,大弹涂鱼红细胞微核率及核异常率分别为17.00‰ 和21.33‰,均极显著高于相应对照值 (13.67‰ 和13.33‰),且随着草甘膦浓度增大,其红细胞微核率及核异常率均显著升高,表明大弹涂鱼对草甘膦有较高的敏感性。所得研究结果可为评价草甘膦对河口及滩涂水域生物的影响提供参考依据。     

生物炭对铜胁迫下红壤地油菜苗期叶绿素和保护性酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同生物炭添加量(质量分数为0、2%、5%)对铜胁迫(300 mg·kg~(-1))下红壤地油菜(Brassica campestris L.)苗期叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)]、可溶性蛋白含量及丙二醛含量(MDA)的影响。结果表明:铜胁迫下油菜叶片的叶绿素a、b和总叶绿素含量均有所降低,SOD、CAT、POD、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量均增加;随着生物炭添加量的增加,油菜叶片的叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,油菜叶片的SOD、CAT、POD、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量则均呈一定的下降趋势。综合来看,施加生物炭有利于提高红壤地铜污染(300 mg·kg~(-1))中油菜苗期的叶绿素含量,减缓铜胁迫的毒害作用,从而有利于维持油菜正常生长。     

硅对Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn正交胁迫下水稻丙二醛含量的影响

采用土壤重金属正交L9(34)胁迫方法 ,通过盆栽试验,研究喷施有机硅和无机硅溶液对水稻叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和变化趋势的影响。结果表明,土壤受重金属污染,水稻叶片MDA含量显著升高,随着重金属胁迫浓度升高,MDA含量逐渐增加;随着生长时期的延长,MDA含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势。不同种类重金属对水稻叶片MDA含量影响由大到小依次是Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn。经有机硅处理的水稻叶片MDA含量(504.63μmol/g FW)最低,无机硅处理(565.85μmol/g FW)次之,无硅处理(611.73μmol/g FW)最高,不同处理间叶片MDA含量差异水平极显著(P0.01)。可见,硅处理有利于维持水稻膜脂过氧化系统平衡,诱导其抵御重金属胁迫的毒害机制。     

淹水胁迫对苦瓜幼苗生长、丙二醛含量和SOD活性的影响

以台湾玉华苦瓜(Momordica charantia L.)为试材,研究淹水时间对苦瓜幼苗生长、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。结果表明,淹水4 d时,玉华苦瓜幼苗的各项指标与对照差异不显著;淹水8 d后,株高显著低于对照,MDA含量、SOD活性显著高于对照;淹水12 d后,株高、叶片数显著低于对照,MDA含量、SOD活性显著高于对照。说明玉华苦瓜对涝渍胁迫的抵抗能力有限,生理受到伤害,生长受到抑制。     

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers

Differences in virulence between Fusarium sulphureum and Fusarium sambucinum were compared. Changes in reactive oxygen species production and metabolism in inoculated slices of potato tubers were also compared. The result showed that Fusarium infection induced significant production of ROS, lipid peroxidation and loss of cell membrane integrity, but low activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Compared to F. sambucinum, F. sulphureum led larger lesion diameters on potato tubers and slices. It resulted in more superoxide anion ($O_2^{-}$) and earlier peak of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), but lower activity of catalase (CAT) and APX, and accompanied with higher malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lower cell membrane integrity. These findings suggested that overproduction of ROS involved in the pathogenicity of Fusarium in potato tubers.     

BALB/c小鼠肺组织中氧化及抗氧化系统的动态研究

为探讨BALB/c小鼠正常生理状况下肺组织中的氧化及抗氧化系统的动态变化规律,采用分光光度计法分别测定了肺组织中的黄嘌呤氧化酶（xanthine oxidase,XOD）活性、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性变化。结果表明,在第3、6、7、12天BALB/c小鼠肺组织的XOD活性、MDA含量、SOD活性均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。说明生理状态下,BALB/c小鼠肺组织中自由基的产生与清除的酶系统之间维持动态平衡。     

麦后移栽棉生育及生理特性对水分亏缺的响应

在防雨棚测坑试验条件下,研究了不同生育阶段水分亏缺对麦后移栽棉生长发育及生理特性的影响。结果表明,蕾期水分亏缺抑制了植株的正常生长发育,棉花株高、茎粗和叶面积指数等生长发育指标均随水分亏缺程度的增大而减小,而花铃期水分亏缺对其影响较小;在植株快速生长阶段,蕾铃数和叶面积指数呈现良好的对数正相关关系,决定系数达到0.90以上;不论蕾期还是花铃期,与对照处理相比,水分亏缺均显著提高了叶片可溶性糖和丙二醛(MDA)的质量分数,且随水分亏缺程度的增大而增大,进而限制了蕾铃的正常生长发育,复水后可溶性糖与MDA均降低至与对照无明显差异的程度。