Phenotypic characterisation of Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella strains isolated from grapevines: enzyme production and virulence of extra-cellular filtrate on grapevine calluses

Extra-cellular enzyme production of different Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaemoniella chlamydospora isolates were used to assay the possibility of inter-specific characterisation. Isolates of Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Phaeoacremonium angustius, P. viticola and Ph. chlamydospora were grown on solid media and the activities of extra-cellular amylases, lipases, proteases, cellulases, xylanases, laccase, polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, urease and chitinase were assayed. Phaeoacremonium species showed activities of a larger number of enzymes and also enzyme activity was frequently higher suggesting that Phaeoacremonium can be more virulent. To assay if the produced extra-cellular enzymes could reflect the virulence capacity of the two genera, calluses of Vitis vinifera L. (cvs. Baga and Maria Gomes) and of a rootstock (R3309) were inoculated with filtrated culture liquid medium of three isolates of Ph. chlamydospora and one of P. angustius. Filtrates from all strains decreased callus growth and membrane integrity, while soluble protein content of calluses decreased with the strains CAP 054 and 1AS. P. angustius (CAP 054) induced the more severe symptoms in all genotypes. Water content decreased together with an increase of osmolality in both cultivars but not in rootstock suggesting that osmorregulatory capacity is more affected in cultivars. Data show that: (1) Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella genera have different patterns of extra- cellular enzymatic production; (2) these fungi produce extra-cellular compound(s) that induce(s) senescence symptoms in plant cells inhibiting callus proliferation; (3) among the strains tested in plant calluses the most virulent isolate (CAP 054) also produced higher amounts of some extra-cellular enzymes; (5) rootstock calluses were less sensitive to inoculation than grapevine calluses.     

Changes in antioxidative system and membrane damage of lettuce in response to salinity and boron toxicity

Individual and combined effects of salinity and B toxicity on growth, the major antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activities, ascorbic acid, proline, and H₂O₂ accumulation, and stomatal resistance (SR), malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane permeability (MP) and the concentrations of sodium (Na), chloride (Cl) and boron (B) of lettuce were investigated. Boron toxicity and salinity reduced growth of lettuce plants. Under B toxicity, B concentration of the plants was increased, but in the presence of NaCl, the concentration of B was significantly reduced. Sodium and Cl concentrations were increased in B + NaCl and NaCl treatments. Membrane damage was more pronounced in NaCl and B + NaCl treatments. Stomatal resistance of the plants was significantly increased by salinity treatments. The accumulation of proline and ascorbic acid was the highest in the B + NaCl treatment. In general, stress conditions significantly increased H₂O₂ and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and APX) activities. The present results indicate that stomatal closure is an important response of lettuce against NaCl and B + NaCl stress. Furthermore NaCl and B + NaCl toxicity-induced oxidative stress in lettuce resulting in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Increased antioxidant enzyme activities and also accumulation of ascorbic acid and proline are involved in order to overcome B- and NaCl-induced oxidative stress.     

The effect of different concentrations of linseed oil or fish oil in the maternal diet on the fatty acid composition and oxidative status of sows and piglets

N‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are essential for foetal development. Hence, including n‐3 PUFA in the sow diet can be beneficial for reproduction. Both the amount and form (precursor fatty acids vs. long chain PUFA) of supplementation are important in this respect. Furthermore, including n‐3 PUFA in the diet can have negative effects, such as decreased arachidonic acid (ARA) concentration and increased oxidative stress. This study aimed to compare the efficacy to increase eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in the piglet, when different concentrations of linseed oil (LO, source of precursor α‐linolenic acid) or fish oil (FO, source of EPA and DHA) were included in the maternal diet. Sows were fed a palm oil diet or a diet including 0.5% or 2% LO or FO from day 45 of gestation until weaning. Linoleic acid (LA) was kept constant in the diets to prevent a decrease in ARA, and all diets were supplemented with α‐tocopherol acetate (150 mg/kg) and organic selenium (0.4 mg/kg) to prevent oxidative stress. Feeding 0.5% LO or 0.5% FO to the sows resulted in comparable EPA concentrations in the 5‐day old piglet liver, but both diets resulted in lower EPA concentrations than when 2% LO was fed. The highest EPA concentration was obtained when 2% FO was fed. The DHA level in the piglet liver could only be increased when FO, but not LO, was fed to the sows. The 2% FO diet had no advantage over the 0.5% FO diet to increase DHA in the piglet. Despite the constant LA concentration in the sow diet, a decrease in ARA could not be avoided when LO or FO were included in the diet. Feeding 2% FO to the sows increased the malondialdehyde concentration (marker for lipid peroxidation) in sow plasma, but not in piglets.     

奶水牛乳汁体细胞数与抗氧化指标的相关性分析

[目的]了解奶水牛乳汁体细胞计数（SCC）与抗氧化指标之间的相关性,为乳汁质量监控和奶水牛健康养殖提供科学依据.[方法]随机选取南宁某牛场奶水牛139头,同步采集乳样与血样,乳汁SCC采用FOSS体细胞仪测定,血浆和乳清的总抗氧化能力（TAC）采用FRAP法（血浆铁还原力法）测定,丙二醛（MDA）含量采用TBA法（硫酸巴比妥法）测定.[结果]被检的139头奶水牛中,乳汁SCC≥50.00万/mL（隐性乳房炎诊断标准）的样本占被检总数的12.23％,乳汁SCC＜50.00万/mL的样本占被检总数的87.77％;奶水牛血浆和乳清的TAC分别为2.44±1.04和3.78±1.68 U/mL,MDA含量分别为2.07±0.48和1.55±0.52 nmol/mL,其差异均达极显著水平（P＜0.01）.乳清TAC随乳汁SCC的升高而呈下降趋势,二者间呈显著负相关（r=-0.168,P＜0.05）;血浆MDA与乳清MDA间呈显著正相关（r=0.189,P＜0.05）,而血浆MDA与血浆TAC（r=0.391）、乳清MDA与血浆TAC（r=0.315）间呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）.[结论]乳清TAC可作为检测奶水牛乳房健康及其乳汁质量的备选指标.     

氯胁迫对幼龄茶树叶绿素含量及抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨氯胁迫对茶树的伤害机制,为幼龄茶园合理施用氯肥提供科学的理论依据,以1年生龙井43茶苗为材料,采用水培法研究了不同浓度氯离子对茶树叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明：随着氯离子浓度的升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均显著降低,在氯浓度为100 mmol/L时,分别比CK（0 mmol/L）下降了36.2％、22.7％、33.1％;SOD、POD活性均表现为先升高后降低,在氯离子浓度为40 mmol/L时达到最大值,比 CK 分别升高10.8％和9.2％;CAT活性持续下降,最大降幅为45.4％;脯氨酸含量、过氧化氢含量及丙二醛含量均显著升高。这说明高浓度氯离子对细胞质膜系统及细胞器结构和功能产生了破坏,而在低浓度氯离子（20 mmol/L）胁迫下MDA含量与CK差异不显著,说明低浓度氯未对茶树造成伤害。因此,对于幼龄茶园冲施氯肥以氯离子浓度不超过20 mmol/L为宜。     

广西花生品种（系）苗期生长耐旱性及相关生理特性研究

花生苗期生长受干旱影响最大,且干旱是广西花生生产上重要的限制因素。选择广西主推及新育成的花生品种（系）共11个,在人工防雨棚下进行土培盆栽试验,以正常淋水（2d供水1次）为对照,以人工控水（10d供水1次）作为干旱胁迫处理,反复干旱胁迫30d时,测定花生苗期的主茎高尧侧枝长、生物量以及叶绿素、可溶性糖、丙二醛尧脯氨酸含量,计算花生苗期生长生理受抑制程度及生长耐旱隶属函数值。结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,各参试花生品种的主茎高、侧枝长和生物量均受到不同程度的抑制,其中桂花819的生长受抑制程度最轻。从各参试品种苗期耐旱隶属函数值排名可知,桂花819的苗期生长耐旱性最强,其次是桂花红166、桂花21和桂花26;大多数品种的叶绿素、可溶性糖、丙二醛尧脯氨酸含量在干旱胁迫下增加,少数花生品种表现出降低趋势,且苗期耐旱品种桂花819的叶绿素和脯氨酸含量比对照的增加量最大,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量增加量也较大。     

氯化胆碱对烟草植株生长的促进效应

对烟草喷施不同浓度（０，５０，２００，３００，５００和１０００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）的氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）后，可提高烟草的株高，尤其对茎粗生长、叶数和叶面积等有明显的促进作用。ＣＣ对增强烟草苗期根系活力和提高苗期的抗寒性也有明显作用。其中以喷施２００和３００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的ＣＣ者对烟草生长的促进效果最大。     

干旱胁迫与抗蒸腾剂对喜树几项生理指标及喜树碱含量的影响

经过12d的干旱胁迫，喜树叶内Fpro和MDA含量分别升高了46．7％和19．06％，是同期对照的138．93％的117％；Pn降为负值；Tr和Sc显著下降，降低幅度分别为58．28％和75％；且随着胁迫时间的延长，变化幅度逐步增大。抗蒸腾剂可有效地缓解胁迫对喜树的不良影响。短期干旱胁迫可使叶内喜树碱的含量明显提高，在生产中可由此而提高喜树碱的产量。     

水分胁迫对若干芸苔属蔬菜某些生理生化指标的影响

采用６个耐旱性不同的十字花科芸苔属蔬菜［结球甘蓝（耐旱）、球茎甘蓝、黄花芥蓝、花椰菜、大叶芥菜、大白菜（不耐旱）］为试验材料，经水分胁迫处理后，叶细胞质膜透性、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）以及多胺（Ｐｕｔ、Ｓｐｄ、Ｓｐｍ）含量均有不同程度的增加．与此同时，叶片中超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性和吲哚乙酸（ＩＡＡ）含量均有所下降．经相关统计分析发现，叶片质膜透性与ＭＤＡ含量成极显著正相关，与ＰＯＤ、ＳＯＤ活性和ＩＡＡ含量成极显著负相关；ＭＤＡ与ＰＯＤ、ＳＯＤ活性和ＩＡＡ含量成极显著负相关；而ＰＯＤ与ＳＯＤ活性、ＩＡＡ含量以及ＳＯＤ活性与ＩＡＡ含量则均成显著正相关．文中对蔬菜抗旱性机理进行了初步讨论     

Stimulation of ROS-scavenging systems in squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) plants by compost supplementation under normal and low temperature conditions

The beneficial effect of compost, the final product of aerobic biodegradation of organic matter, on growth, lipid peroxidation [as malondialdehyde (MDA], hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide anion (O₂^•−), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as reduced ascorbate (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) and their oxidized forms was investigated in squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Eskandarany) plants exposed to normal and low temperature (LT) conditions. LT stress of 8 °C significantly reduced the plant growth of untreated plants, but compost alleviated the adverse effect of stress and significantly increased the fresh and dry weights under normal and stress conditions. LT also induced accumulation of H₂O₂ and O₂^•− and resulted in increased lipid peroxidation, pointing out to cellular oxidative stress. Under compost application, such reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxidized lipids were markedly reduced, but SOD, CAT, APX and GR activities, key enzymes of ROS-scavenging systems, were significantly increased. Data also indicated that there were general reductions in total ascorbate and glutathione pool in LT control plants, but compost-treated ones considerably have maintained higher levels of such redox metabolites. Significantly higher ratios of ASC/DHA (dehydroascorbate) and GSH/GSSG (glutathione disulfide) were generally found in compost-treated plants than in untreated-ones. It is evident that compost induced enhancement of LT tolerance was related to up-regulation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Such enhancement would eventually protect plant cells from LT-induced oxidative stress reactions via scavenging ROS.