施用生物黑炭对新疆灰漠土肥力与玉米生长的影响

通过田间小区对比试验,研究生物黑炭作为改良剂与堆肥等其他生物质改良剂相比对新疆低产土壤——灰漠土的改良和玉米增产的效果。结果表明,施入20t·hm^-2和40t·hm^-2的生物黑炭,能显著提高土壤有机质含量,与基础土壤相比,提高了22．77％和49．80％,明显高于秸秆还田、羊粪和腐植酸有机肥等对土壤有机质的提升效果。施用生物黑炭提高了玉米单穗重、千粒重、产量以及生物量,降低了玉米的根冠比,促进玉米根系生长,而追施氮肥对玉米产量的影响差异不显著。因此,施用生物黑炭能够大幅度提高土壤有机质含量,对灰漠土土壤质量和作物产量以及农艺性状的提高具有重要作用。     

畜禽废水磷回收产物的磷素释放特性及肥效试验研究

以畜禽废水沼气发酵液为磷回收对象,采用曝气沉淀结晶法磷回收工艺,对回收产物进行水溶性磷连续浸提试验和玉米盆栽试验,考察畜禽废水磷回收产物的磷素动态释放情况、玉米盆栽的肥效以及磷素利用情况。浸提试验表明,磷回收产物经6次浸提,水溶性磷的释放量呈缓慢下降的趋势,第6次与第1次相比只下降了1.42%,总释放量占总磷的57.97%,证明磷回收产物（RPP）具有良好的缓释性,作为肥料使用时不易被水淋失。盆栽试验表明,用RPP以不同比例代替磷酸一铵作为肥料对玉米均能起到显著的增产作用,最佳的质量替代比例为40%;RPP较磷酸一铵的地上部分和地下部分磷素利用率分别高出19.14%和2.50%,显示其具有较高的磷吸收效率。因此,从畜禽废水沼气发酵液中回收得到的磷回收产物具有较高的肥效价值,是一种节约资源、保护环境、缓解磷资源危机的新型肥料。     

覆膜和露地旱作春玉米生长与蒸散动态比较

利用土壤水分传感器、微型蒸渗仪与涡度相关系统,连续监测覆膜和露地春玉米田土壤水分、蒸发和农田蒸散,分析春玉米田蒸散与土壤蒸发变化规律,探讨了覆膜玉米高产节水增效的机理。结果表明:与露地相比,覆膜的表层土壤温度和体积含水率分别提高4.9%和19.5%。覆膜、露地处理玉米出苗率分别为99.0%和80.0%,其差异为显著水平,覆膜提早春玉米各生育阶段平均为7d,全生育期缩短11d。生育前期、中期,覆膜的叶面积指数、株高和地上、地下干物质均显著高于露地的,播种一个月后差异最大,分别高110.2%、13.5%、42.9%和12.7%。玉米拔节期前(6月前)和8月后至玉米成熟,覆膜的农田蒸散量分别比露地的低6.8%和0.4%,但6-8月覆膜的比露地的高5.1%。全生育期覆膜的农田蒸散量为376.2mm,降低了6.0%,且土壤蒸发降低了57.7%。最终单株平均果穗质量、生物量差异不显著。但是,由于覆膜显著提高了出苗率从而增加了单位面积生物产量和经济产量,增幅分别为23.7%和15.3%。同时,覆膜作物水分利用效率提高了22.6%,达到31.3kg/(hm2·mm)。可见,覆膜能显著降低土壤蒸发和农田总蒸散量;保水增温促出苗,提前玉米各生育期;生育中期日蒸散量和干物质积累速率较高;最终显著提高单位面积生物产量和经济产量以及作物水分利用效率。     

玉米辐射诱变后代M4选系配合力效应分析

以经60Coγ射线处理选育得到的M4代诱变系及其基础材料R08和48-2为被测系,与玉米骨干自交系不完全双列杂交,分析主要农艺经济性状的配合力效应。结果表明:基础材料经辐射诱变后各性状的配合力产生了不同程度的变化;R08的诱变系11和17与48-2的诱变系26和31,其产量性状一般配合力改良效果较好,是高产育种的良好材料,但株高和穗位高GCA偏大;48-2的诱变系23、25、28、29和30虽有利于缩短生育期、降低株高和穗位高,但产量性状GCA表现较差,有待进一步改良;诱变系24产量GCA表现一般,是缩短生育期、降低株高和穗位高的理想材料;其余诱变系各具特点,需在育种实践中有针对性地改良和利用。     

干旱及复水对玉米叶片光合特性的影响

盆栽条件下,以玉米品种户单4号为材料,设正常供水(CK)、中度水分胁迫(MS)和重度水分胁迫(SS)三个水分处理,研究了拔节期和孕穗期水分胁迫及复水对玉米叶片光合、叶绿素荧光的影响,以期为玉米补偿机制的阐明提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫使叶水势(ψleaf)降低,复水后拔节期重度胁迫叶水势迅速恢复并超过对照,而孕穗期则恢复缓慢;(2)拔节期和孕穗期重度胁迫降低了叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及光化学猝灭系数(qP),但复水5d后可基本恢复至对照;Ci最低,气孔限制值(Ls)较对照分别增加了6.85%,9.52%,Fv/Fm值分别降低了1.72%和0.61%,表明气孔限制是Pn降低的主要原因;(3)拔节期重度胁迫叶的水分利用效率(WUE)高于对照,表现出补偿效应;孕穗期干旱胁迫下WUE表现为:MS>CK>SS,在复水第一天达最大值,随后趋于降低。说明拔节期和孕穗期光合特性变化存在差异性。     

模拟降雨条件下玉米植株对降雨再分配的作用

为了辨明成熟期玉米对降雨的再分配作用,有效地防治区域水土流失,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,就川西低山丘陵区成熟期玉米植株对降雨的冠层截留量、茎秆流量和穿透雨量的作用进行了研究。结果表明:冠层截留率平均为7.5%,茎秆流率平均为28.8%,穿透雨率平均为63.7%。随着降雨强度的增加,单位时间内玉米冠层的截留量呈增加趋势,但随着玉米植株的叶面积增大,有效截留量却呈减少趋势,株高和角度对它的影响较小。随着叶面积和降雨强度的增加,茎秆流量呈增加趋势,角度影响较小。随着叶面积的增加,穿透雨量呈减少趋势;而随着降雨强度的增加,单位时间内穿透雨的数量呈增加的变化趋势,株高影响较小。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.     

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer application on the performance of maize/soybean intercrop in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to determine the effects of phosphorus fertilizer application on performance of intercropped maize and soybean. The experiments, arranged as a split plot in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times. A cropping system with sole maize, sole soybean and maize/soybean intercrop formed the main plot treatments while P rates with 0, 15 and 30 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 were the subplot treatments. For both years, neither P fertilizer application nor cropping systems had a significant effect on maize grain yield. However, soybean grain yield was significantly higher (92.3% in 2007 and 44.5% in 2008) under sole cropping than under maize/soybean intercropping. On average, N fixed by soybean increased with the increase in P rate (from 51.8% without P to 60.5% with 30 P), but there was no significant difference in N fixed by sole soybean and soybean/maize intercrop. However, the interaction effect on N fixed between cropping systems and P rates was significant (P ≤ 0.05). N, P and K contents in maize grain were significantly higher (>100%) in intercropped maize than in sole maize. The cropping systems had no significant effect on post-harvest soil chemical characteristics. The land equivalent ratio was 1.52 in 2007 and 1.78 in 2008. The result shows that in utilizing legumes for N enrichment, the alleviation of P deficiency can enhance N₂-fixation by legumes. Furthermore, P replenishment in a maize/soybean intercrop may improve maize grain quality even though yield is not increased.     

覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量

为从农田碳通量角度揭示地膜覆盖种植方式的增产增效机理,于2011年在山西寿阳旱作农业野外试验站对覆膜和露地春玉米田,进行了表层土壤温湿度、土壤呼吸和净碳交换规律及作物生长发育规律的研究和分析。结果表明:与露地处理相比较,覆膜处理全生育期表层土壤含水率提高了18.7%,前期可平均提高表层土壤温度1.67℃。覆膜和露地处理土壤呼吸变化规律总体一致,但前者的温度敏感系数Q10比后者低,且中后期前者排放的碳仅为后者的61.7%,说明采用覆盖地膜种植方式有利于农田土壤碳管理。前期和中期覆膜处理绿叶面积指数比露地处理平均高0.81 m2/m2,后期覆膜处理衰老较快,收获时比露地处理低1.00 m2/m2;露地处理在前期和中期日均净碳通量平均比覆膜处理大0.04 mg/(m2·s),而后期仅小0.02 mg/(m2·s),这是造成2处理最终生物产量和经济产量差异的根本原因。在地上干物质积累和地下干物质积累方面,覆膜处理始终比露地处理高,收获时差值分别为269.7和38.6 g/m2。露地处理每公顷少收春玉米籽粒1 348 kg。由此可见,覆膜种植可提高表层土壤温湿度,促进作物生长发育,抑制土壤呼吸,促进碳积累,增加农民收入的同时更有利于土壤碳管理。     

等高绿篱--坡地农业复合系统土壤N2O排放特征

N2O是一种重要的温室气体, 具有很强的温室效应。当前全球变化条件下, 人类活动和农业生产行为产生的N₂O排放增加是当前倍受关注的问题。本研究于2008年11月-2009年10月, 利用静态箱 气相色谱技术对亚热带地区紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)绿篱枝叶还田条件下冬小麦 夏玉米轮作田土壤N₂O排放通量进行原位监测, 观测紫穗槐枝叶移出(AR)、翻施(AI)、表施(AC)及作物单作(CK)4种处理下整个生长季土壤N₂O的排放量, 对等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N₂O排放通量变化及其影响机制进行研究。结果表明, 整个冬小麦 夏玉米轮作期, 4个处理土壤N₂O排放通量呈现出相似的季节变化特征, AR、AI、AC、CK处理全生长季的排放总量为127.62 mg·m^-2、209.66 mg·m^-2、208.73 mg·m^-2、77.52 mg·m^-2。作物不同生育阶段N₂O日均排放通量在冬小麦季表现为: 开花-成熟期>拔节-开花期>出苗-拔节期; 在夏玉米季表现为: 拔节-抽雄期>播种-拔节期>抽雄-成熟期。本试验综合评估了等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N2O排放通量变化及其影响机制。研究显示, 土壤N₂O排放通量在冬小麦季与土壤温度相关性显著, 在夏玉米季与土壤水分相关性显著。在复合生态系统中紫穗槐复合种植及枝叶还田显著促进土壤N2O排放, 翻施处理产生的N2O量大于表施处理。