种子活力与发芽环境对玉米种子蛋白酶α-淀粉酶活性的影响

为探讨不同活力玉米种子田间发芽成苗率存在明显差异的生理原因,测定了不同环境条件下玉米种子发芽期间蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶的活性.结果表明,种子活力对玉米籽粒蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶活性的影响因发芽环境条件而异.高活力种子胚乳的蛋白酶活性在较低的温度下发芽比低活力种子的高,且在不同温度条件下的变化较小.胚乳蛋白酶活性在10℃和25℃下的比值与种子活力密切相关.玉米种子胚中蛋白酶的活性比胚乳的高,且高活力种子胚的蛋白酶活性较高.α-淀粉酶的活动开始于吸水约5 h时的种子中,发芽5～6 d时活性达最高.在10℃发芽时,高活力种子α-淀粉酶活性显著地高于低活力种子,但在25℃发芽时两者差异不显著.在不良环境条件下发芽,玉米种子的蛋白酶活性增高,α-淀粉酶的活性降低.高活力种子的蛋白酶和α-淀粉酶的稳定性和协调性较好.     

绿鳍马面鲀烂嘴症致病菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

为确定绿鳍马面鲀烂嘴症的致病菌及筛选敏感药物,通过平皿划线法将患病组织内的细菌进行分离纯化,得到1株优势菌,命名为QZG3。该菌株在硫代硫酸盐柠檬酸盐胆盐蔗糖琼脂(TCBS)弧菌选择性培养基上为绿色、圆形、黏稠状菌落,经革兰氏染色判断为革兰氏阴性菌;对该菌株的16S rRNA基因进行测序、鉴定,并经系统进化树分析,发现该菌株与阿尔法克弧菌(Vibrio alfacsensis)聚为1支,因此判断该菌株为阿尔法克弧菌。人工回感试验表明,该菌株为绿鳍马面鲀烂嘴症的致病菌;药敏试验结果显示,该菌株仅对氟苯尼考、恩诺沙星两种抗生素高度敏感,对土霉素、青霉素、头孢氨苄、庆大霉素、卡那霉素、四环素以及红霉素均表现出耐药性。因此建议养殖生产上选用氟苯尼考和恩诺沙星进行药物防治。     

阿魏蘑与杏鲍菇高产优质栽培模式研究

试验证明，阿魏蘑和杏鲍菇最佳栽培模式为菌棒半脱袋竖向畦栽半覆土栽培模式；最适环境条件为菇房温度13～20℃，空气相对湿度85％～95％；最佳栽培设施为半地下冬暖式塑料大棚。     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中不同施氮水平对玉米生长及其根际土壤氮的影响

在河北衡水潮土上进行田间试验,以当地习惯高氮用量(小麦季施N 300 kg/hm2,玉米季施N 240 kg/hm2)为对照,研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中减少氮肥用量对玉米季植株生长、氮素吸收及根际土壤中无机氮与微生物量氮的影响。结果表明,两季作物氮肥施用量减少25%和40%,对玉米产量、生物量及植株体内氮累积量未产生明显影响,氮肥利用率提高。不同氮肥施用量对根际和非根际土壤铵态氮含量的影响不显著;减少氮肥施用量,对玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量也没有明显影响。在玉米苗期、抽雄期和成熟期,习惯高施氮量处理的非根际土壤硝态氮含量较高,其中抽雄期,非根际土壤硝态氮含量较氮肥减施40%用量处理高出近一倍,但非根际土壤微生物量氮水平含量明显降低。氮肥减施未影响根际土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,反而增加了非根际土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。在高肥力的潮土上,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中适当减施氮肥并未影响玉米根际土壤氮素水平,可保证玉米稳产,实现减氮增效。     

Investigations on the digestibility and metabolizability of the major nutrients and energy of maize leaves and barnyard grass in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

In the uplands of northern Vietnam, culture of grass carp contributes significantly to income and household food security of Black Thai farmers. Maize is one of the most important upland crops and barnyard grass is the most important weed in the paddy rice fields. Thus, these are frequently used by small‐scale fish farmers as fish feed. An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted simultaneously in a recirculation and in a respirometric system to determine the digestibility and metabolizability of the nutrients of maize leaves and barnyard grass, to assess their crude protein, lipid and energy conversion and to estimate the energy allocation in grass carp. The following diets were used: diet ‘A’ (reference diet) containing 39% crude protein with 19.8 MJ kg^?1 gross energy; diets ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘D’, which contained the same amount of the reference diet as the control diet, supplemented with a known amount of dried barnyard grass, dried maize leaves or fresh maize leaves, respectively. Five fish were assigned to each treatment in each experimental unit. Reference and test diets were fed to fish and faecal samples were collected and the oxygen consumption was measured in order to set up an energy budget of the fish over the whole experimental period. The weekly development of the body weight was recorded. The body weight gain of the fish fed diet D was significantly higher than that of the group fed diet A, which also in turn was significantly higher than that of fish fed diet B or C. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients and gross energy for the different experimental diets in fish kept in the aquaria were, for diets A, B, C and D respectively, 94.1%, 60.9%, 70.5% and 84.7% for protein, 91.3%, 60.7%, 76.8% and 71.8% for lipid; 95.9%, 44.5%, 60.6% and 69.1% for gross energy. The partial ADC of plant leaf ingredients were determined and barnyard grass and dried maize leaves were found to be not only poorly digestible but having negative impact on the digestibility of the reference diet, while fresh maize leaves were well digested. The results of the present study indicated that fresh maize leaves have a good potential to be used as supplement in diets for grass carp.     

枯草芽孢杆菌防治玉米纹枯病的初步研究

玉米纹枯病(Rhizoctonia solani)的防治生产上主要依靠井冈霉素。为了从高效、安全、环保角度寻找井冈霉素的替代药剂,本研究将从玉米植株茎基部叶鞘分离得到的枯草芽孢杆菌菌株(Bacillus subtilis BS-8D)制成菌悬液,喷施于玉米幼苗和成株期基部叶鞘,并作了菌株抗利福平突变株的定殖能力测定以及室内平板抗生作用测定。结果表明,BS-8D菌株在温室内对玉米纹枯病有较好的防效。抗利福平标记突变株BS-8Drif定殖测定表明,菌株在玉米根际具有较好的定殖能力,施用10多天后仍能保持较多数量;菌株能随种子的萌发向地上和地下部分转移,在幼苗茎基部和根部定殖。室内PDA平板抗生作用测定表明该菌株还对玉米大斑病菌(Exsero turcicum)、玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)、玉米新月弯孢菌(Curvularia lunata)有拮抗作用。BS-8D菌株对玉米纹枯病的防治实验表明,该菌株有进一步研究的价值和开发应用潜力。     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。     

玉米丝黑穗病的抗源鉴定及抗性遗传研究

为了鉴定玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性,研究抗病力遗传效应,采用人工接种鉴定法,研究评价了72份玉米自交系对丝黑穗病的抗性。其中高抗系18个,占25%,抗病系15个,占20.8%,中抗系12个,占16.7%。玉米对丝黑穗病的抗性遗传属细胞核遗传,无正反交差异。F1和F2的发病率介于双亲之间,无超亲优势,F1与抗病亲本回交的后代基本表现为抗病,与感病亲本回交后代表现为感病。要选育中抗以上类型杂交种,其双亲之一必须为抗病系,其杂交方式有:高抗×高抗、高抗×抗病、高抗×中抗、抗病×抗病、抗病×中抗。     

葡萄白腐病、黑腐病及房枯病的区别与防治

简单介绍了葡萄白腐病、黑腐病和房枯病3种病害侵染症状及防治措施。     

特早熟玉米自交系农艺和产量性状配合力分析及其改良

采用9个北寒带特早熟玉米种质材料与13个非特早熟种质以NCII方法配制了117个杂交组合,并对各组合的主要性状进行配合力效应分析,根据对不同材料各性状的GCA效应和不同组合的SCA配合力效应特点进行分析研究,对特早熟玉米种质的改良和合理利用提供依据和参考。目前,已利用配合力效应分析对极早单2号亲本的父母本进行定向改良,并培育出太特早28和太特早65自交系。