蝇蛆预处理及辅料添加对鸡粪堆肥氨挥发和温室气体排放的影响

为明确蝇蛆预处理及辅料添加对鸡粪堆肥过程中NH₃挥发及温室气体排放的影响,本研究分别将风化褐煤、厨余垃圾、蘑菇渣与鸡粪混合,在进行蝇蛆预处理后堆肥,研究试验过程中NH₃挥发和温室气体的排放规律。试验设置8个处理,分别为对照组（无蝇蛆预处理）：纯鸡粪（CK1）、30%风化褐煤+70%鸡粪（CK2）、30%厨余垃圾+70%鸡粪（CK3）、30%蘑菇渣+70%鸡粪（CK4）;试验组（蝇蛆预处理）：纯鸡粪（T1）、30%风化褐煤+70%鸡粪（T2）、30%厨余垃圾+70%鸡粪（T3）、30%蘑菇渣+70%鸡粪（T4）。结果表明：蝇蛆预处理能够延长堆肥高温期,≥50 ℃天数均达到10 d以上,相比CK1增加5~9 d;在整个试验期间试验组NH₃挥发集中在堆肥第2天,试验组NH₃累积排放量显著低于对照组,降幅达到42.7%~61.1%,菇渣添加处理的NH₃累积排放量在对照组中最低;风化褐煤的添加能够显著降低N₂O排放,T2相比于T1降低84.2%,CK2相比于CK1降低51.7%。蝇蛆预处理能够显著降低CO₂排放当量,相比CK1降低32.1%~73.2%,其中,T4的CO₂排放当量最低。研究表明,蝇蛆预处理能够提高堆肥温度、延长堆肥高温期、显著降低NH₃排放和CO₂排放当量,若从堆肥温度及CO₂排放当量方面考虑蝇蛆预处理和菇渣组合为最优处理。     

不同有机肥对茶叶主要品质的影响

为给优质茶树施肥提供科学依据,探索了蝇蛆有机肥、绿肥和秸秆对春茶、夏茶和秋茶茶叶主要品质的影响。结果表明:蝇蛆有机肥能够显著提高茶叶品质,其施用量与茶叶中茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱含量显著相关。T4为最优处理(蝇蛆有机肥800kg/667m2),单施绿肥与单施秸秆对茶叶品质影响较小,T8(800kg/667m2蝇蛆有机肥+4kg/667m2绿肥种子)与T10(800kg/667m2蝇蛆有机肥+500kg/667m2秸秆)对夏、秋茶品质影响明显,但与T4差异不显著。     

Induction of maggot antimicrobial peptides and treatment effect inSalmonella pullorum-infected chickens

Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are important components of the host innate immune response, as they exert broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microbes. The AMP allow housefly larva (maggots) to live in harsh environments filled with pathogenic bacteria. In this study, maggot AMP were induced by incubation with inactivatedSalmonella pullorum and crudely extracted. The concentration and antimicrobial activity of the maggot AMP were then measured. In bird experiments, chickens were artificially infected withS. pullorum, and the maggot AMP extracts were used to treat the infected chickens. The expression level of AMP was significantly enhanced byS. pullorum stimulation, and the antibiotic activity of theS. pullorum-induced AMP was significantly stronger than that of the noninduced AMP, especially againstS. pullorum. In the bird experiments, based on survival rate, blood indicators, and intestinal bacterial changes, maggot AMP and antibiotics were successful in treating theS. pullorum-infected chickens. In conclusion, AMP have the potential for further development as a convenient, alternative antibiotic strategy to reduce the use of antibiotics and disease resistance.     

The effect of fly maggot in pig feeding diets on growth performance and gut microbial balance in Ningxiang pigs

Fly maggot meal has been regarded as one of the substitutes of fish meal and soybean meal in pig feed. However, its effects on pig growth performance and faecal micro-organism remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fly maggot meal on fattening performance, plasma indices related to gut hormones, immunity and faecal microbial communities composition of finishing pigs. A total of 40 Ningxiang fattening pigs were randomly allocated to two dietary treatments and pigs in each group were arranged by control group (CK) diet or 8% maggot meal group (MMG) diet for 45 days respectively. Growth performance, indices of gut hormones and immunity in plasma were evaluated. Microbiota composition in faeces was determined using 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing. The results showed that dietary MMG did not affect gut hormones and immune proteins in the trial compared with CK group (p > .05). However, dietary MMG significantly increased average daily gain (ADG). The population of the Firmicutes in MMG treatment was increased, while the percentage of the Bacteroidetes was decreased (p < .05). In particular, the number of Clostridiales related to hydrolyzed sugar and protein were increased (p < .05). It can inhibit the growth of harmful intestinal bacteria, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and effectively improve the ability of digestion and absorption of nutrients. In conclusion, a diet containing 8% MMG changed the proportion of intestinal micro-organisms in finishing pigs, especially the higher richness of Firmicutes, and promoted the fattening ability of pigs to a certain extent. These changes should benefit finishing pig production during fattening period.     

蝇蛆粉对腹泻小鼠肠道大肠杆菌数量及血清抗氧化酶和消化相关酶活性的影响

本试验旨在明确蝇蛆粉作为饲料添加剂对腹泻小鼠肠道大肠杆菌数量及血清抗氧化酶和消化相关酶活性的影响。选取3~4周龄健康雄性昆明种小鼠75只,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复5只。第1~5天为建模期,模型组、8.0%蝇蛆粉组、5.0%蝇蛆粉组、2.5%蝇蛆粉组腹腔注射0.02 mL/g的3×10^8 CFU/mL的大肠杆菌菌悬液建立腹泻模型,空白组则注射等剂量的无菌生理盐水,造模期间各组均饲喂基础饲粮。第6~15天为治疗期,8.0%蝇蛆粉组、5.0%蝇蛆粉组、2.5%蝇蛆粉组小鼠分别饲喂2 g蝇蛆粉添加剂量为8.0%、5.0%、2.5%的混合饲粮后再自由采食基础饲粮,模型组和空白组小鼠则自由采食基础饲粮。治疗期结束后测定各组腹泻小鼠回肠、盲肠和结肠中大肠杆菌和总菌数量及血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、淀粉酶(AMS)、脂肪酶(LPS)的活性。结果显示:模型组小鼠回肠、结肠和盲肠中大肠杆菌数量均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);8.0%蝇蛆粉组小鼠回肠、盲肠、结肠中大肠杆菌数量与空白组相比均差异不显著(P>0.05),与模型组和2.5%蝇蛆粉组相比均显著降低(P<0.05),同时其结肠中大肠杆菌数量比空白组低17.12×10^4 CFU/mL。腹泻导致小鼠血清中抗氧化酶和消化酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05)。治疗10 d后,8.0%、5.0%和2.5%蝇蛆粉组小鼠血清中SOD、POD、CAT和GST活性均显著高于模型组(P<0.05),且小鼠血清中这4种抗氧化酶活性均随着蝇蛆粉添加剂量的增加而升高,同时8.0%蝇蛆粉组小鼠血清中GST活性显著高于空白组(P<0.05);8.0%和5.0%蝇蛆粉组小鼠血清中LPS、AMS和LDH活性均显著高于模型组(P<0.05),2.5%蝇蛆粉组小鼠血清中LPS和LDH活性也显著高于模型组(P<0.05)。由此可见,蝇蛆粉能降低腹泻小鼠肠道中大肠杆菌和总菌数量,提高血清中抗氧化酶和消化相关酶活性,在添加剂量为8.0%时效果最好。     

养蛆产物对苦瓜枯萎病抑菌抗病的效果初探

应用盆栽防治试验和培养基培养法相结合的方法,研究了养蛆产物对苦瓜枯萎病病原菌的抑菌抗病效果。结果表明,养蛆产物中蝇蛆组织捣碎液(Ⅰ)、蛆粪浸提液(Ⅲ)、蛆饲料土施(Ⅳ)和蛆粪土施(Ⅴ)能显著减轻苦瓜枯萎病发病率,不同处理对苦瓜枯萎病的抗病性具有一定差异。蝇蛆组织捣碎液、蛆粪浸提液和蛆粪土施处理的病株率分别只占对照的17.7%、31.1%、37.0%,病情指数分别只占对照13.1%、53.1%、39.6%。蝇蛆组织捣碎液和蛆粪浸提液对病原菌菌丝生长和生物量有显著的抑制作用,而蛆饲料浸提液无明显的效果。     

水稻稻秆潜蝇种群发生动态与持续控制技术研究

稻秆潜蝇为中国南方山区和半山区水稻的主要害虫。通过2000—2005年的调查试验研究,初步探明水稻稻秆潜蝇种群发生规律、影响因子与为害损失,研究提出了以成虫盛发至卵孵盛期为防治适期,秧田平均每百株有卵10粒,株危害率1%以上,大田平均每丛水稻有卵1粒,株危害率3%～5%的防治指标;明确稻秆潜蝇卵为均匀分布,幼虫为聚集型分布,建立了序贯抽样、简易“查定”和GIS监测预警技术,组建了包括数据库管理、逐步回归预测、种群动态模拟的计算机系统;改进稻秆潜蝇测报办法,提出“狠治一代压基数,巧治二代保丰收”的防治新策略及其适用的农业、物理、化学防治技术,初步形成适于中国南方特点的水稻稻秆潜蝇综合防治与可持续控制技术体系,生产应用取得显著的经济社会和生态效益。     

热激法诱导蝇蛆抗菌活力的工艺研究

将不同虫龄尧不同培养条件下的家蝇（Musca domestica）蝇蛆进行不同程度的高温刺激、辅以一定时间的 恢复培养后、测量蝇蛆抗菌活力的变化。结果表明院适当热激能够显著提高蝇蛆的抗菌能力、不同温度尧不同热激时 间尧不同热激后恢复时间以及不同虫龄均对蝇蛆抗菌能力有不同诱导效果、其中以65益尧10 min 热激处理尧再经3 h 于22益恢复效果最佳、其抗菌活力比对照提高约53 倍。多批次不同材料的重复性试验表明、该条件诱导蝇蛆抗菌活 力的效果重现性好尧稳定性高。不同处理量试验证明、热激处理大批量蝇蛆材料将导致抗菌活力诱导效率及稳定性 下降、但通过将大批量材料适当分装的方式可以有效解决这一问题。     

蝇蛆生物活性肽的生产工艺研究

以蝇蛆为试验材料,设酶解温度、复合酶量、酶配比、酶解时问和pH值5个因素,每个因素4个水平进行L15（4^5）正交试验设计,以水解度作为评价指标,筛选脱脂蝇蛆粉的最佳酶解条件。结果表明：脱脂蝇蛆粉的最优酶解条件为A1B3C3D4E3,即温度（A）45℃,酶量（B）8000U／g,风味酶：木瓜酶：胃蛋白酶：胰蛋白酶的配比（C）是35％：50％：5％：10％,酶水解时间（D）为7h,pH（E）为7．5。脱脂蝇蛆粉溶液水解度的最大影响因素为酶解温度。