渭河流域水污染现状分析与治理对策

根据国家环保部门公布的数据,对渭河流域陕西段2005～2009年5年的水体分析,结果表明,水体的COD含量优于国家I类地表水标准,但是,氨氮指标和溶解氧的指标超标,最根本的原因是水体氨氮含量过大,进而耗费水中的氧,使溶解氧的指标下降。提出了对已建的污水处理工厂,应用生物脱氮技术和物理化学处理技术对氨氮进行深度处理,并将氨氮作为考核出水的主要指标,同时,应该对生活污水进行集中处理。     

Vertical movements of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) associated with islands, buoys, and seamounts near the main Hawaiian Islands from archival tagging data

To learn more about the movement patterns of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), we deployed archival tags on 87 fish ranging in fork length from 50 to 154 cm. Thirteen fish were recaptured, from which 11 archival tags were returned, representing in aggregate 943 days‐at‐liberty. We successfully retrieved data from 10 tags, representing 474 days in aggregate. The largest fish recaptured was 44.5 kg [131 cm fork length (FL)] and the smallest 2.8 kg (52 cm). The deepest descent recorded was 817 m, the coldest temperature visited 4.7°C, and minimum oxygen level reached ～1 mL L^?1. Fish spent little time at depths where water temperatures were below 7°C and oxygen levels less than ～2 mL L^?1. Five fish were recaptured near the offshore weather buoy where they were tagged. Based on vertical movement patterns, it appeared that all stayed immediately associated with the buoy for up to 34 days. During this time they remained primarily in the uniform temperature surface layer (i.e. above 100 m). In contrast, fish not associated with a floating object showed the W‐shaped vertical movement patterns during the day characteristic of bigeye tuna (i.e. descending to ～300–500 m and then returning regularly to the surface layer). Four fish were tagged and subsequently recaptured near Cross Seamount up to 76 days later. These fish exhibited vertical movement patterns similar to, but less regular than, those of fish not associated with any structure. Bigeye tuna appear to follow the diel vertical movements of the deep sound scattering layer (SSL) organisms and thus to exploit them effectively as a prey resource. Average night‐time depth was correlated with lunar illumination, a behaviour which mimics movements of the SSL.     

半滑舌鳎耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

对半滑舌鳎的耗氧率和窒息点进行了初步研究。结果表明,在各个盐度梯度下,半滑舌鳎的耗氧量和耗氧率与体重(W)之间的关系可用幂函数Q=aWb表示,其中,耗氧量与体重呈正相关,耗氧率与体重呈负相关,方差分析表明,盐度和体重对半滑舌鳎的耗氧量和耗氧率均有极显著的影响(P<0 01);不同规格半滑舌鳎耗氧率的最高值均出现在同一盐度组,最低值则因体重不同而出现在不同的盐度组。半滑舌鳎的耗氧率无较明显的昼夜变化,夜里的耗氧率略大于白天,昼夜两阶段耗氧率的差异不显著。窒息点随着温度和体重的增加而有所增加,在较低的温度下,半滑舌鳎有很强的耐低氧能力。     

Are Primary Cultures of Trout (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oncorhynchus mykiss</Emphasis>) Ventricular Cardiomyocytes Metabolically Viable?

The objectives of this study were to establish a protocol for the isolation of metabolically viable ventricular cardiomyocytes from the rainbow trout and to determine which measures may best reflect viability 24 h after isolation. Cardiomyocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion and maintained in cell suspension. Viability was assessed using Trypan blue dye exclusion, ATP content, oxygen consumption and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage into the medium. Viability, assessed by these measures did not significantly change over the time period of this study. ATP content did correlate significantly with oxygen consumption but not with Trypan blue exclusion. We conclude that primary cultured cardiomyocytes remain metabolically viable for at least 24 h after isolation. Also, it appears that ATP content and oxygen consumption most adequately reflect metabolic cell viability. To be confident with a culture, however, a combination of viability measures is necessary when isolating cardiomyocytes from fish.     

基于模糊神经网络的池塘溶解氧预测模型

在分析了池塘溶解氧影响因素的基础上,利用模糊神经网络良好的非线性逼近能力建立了池塘溶解氧的模糊神经网络预测模型。神经网络模型如采用常规的BP或其它梯度算法,常导致训练时间较长且易陷入局部极小点,本实验采用快速的粒子群优化算法对模糊神经网络进行训练,收敛速度明显加快。实验结果表明采用该方法预报溶解氧的预测精度较常规BP递推算法的预测精度明显提高,所采用的模型能对溶解氧进行可靠的预测,该方法为研制开发智能水质检测仪以及工厂化养殖工作奠定了基础,对实际生产具有一定的指导意义。     

盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

研究了大菱鲆(Scophamusmaximus)幼鱼由盐度34向低盐(盐度28、23、18、12、6)以及向高盐(盐度40)适应过程中代谢率的变化。结果表明:盐度改变后,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率都呈现出不同程度的逐渐升高趋势,随着盐度突变范围的增大,变化趋势更为明显。在突变后24h左右,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率出现高峰值,48h后恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的耗氧率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。在突变后9～15h排氨率出现高峰值,48h后各组大菱鲆幼鱼的排氨率恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的排氨率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。     

光合细菌在越冬池中的应用研究

在黑龙江水产研究所民富富类培育中心进行了越冬池冰下施光合细菌对鱼类越冬影响的试验。经过水质定期分析与越冬成活率的比较,得出越冬池施光合细菌能使越冬池冰下水体中溶解氧和浮游植物生物量的波动较小,净化越冬池水质,使越冬水体各理化因子处于较稳定的状态,从而保证鱼类安全过冬。     

Dynamics of plasma free amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss under variety of dietary conditions

Plasma amino acid profiles in the systemic circulation of rainbow trout acclimated to diets containing different protein sources, with and without supplementation with free amino acids, were monitored for up to 120 hours after consumption of the diets. Plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, and isoleucine increased more rapidly after feeding a diet supplemented with these amino acids in free form and, depending upon the increase in plasma concentration, remained at concentrations above those in fish fed the basal diet for at least 24h after feeding. Dietary supplementation with isoleucine increased plasma concentrations of leucine and valine as well as of isoleucine. Maximum plasma concentrations for most amino acids were attained between 12 and 24h postprandial. Dietary inclusion of gelatin caused more rapid elevations in plasma glycine and serine than did free glycine. Feeding at three hour intervals resulted in stable plasma concentrations of individual amino acids in contrast to the fluctuations occurring when fish were fed once daily. Frequent feeding favoured a higher proportion of protein to lipid in body composition.     

鱼类循环水养殖中的水质参数自动控制

鱼类循环水养殖是一种工业化的养殖方式,其主要特征是养殖水体的循环利用,这一过程要对养殖水体进行处理,对水质参数进行监测与控制,要涉及物理、化学、生物及控制理论等许多学科的理论与技术。本文列出了循环水养殖水体中影响鱼类生长的各种因子并总结了前人的研究成果,进而提出了一些水质参数的控制方式。其中着重分析了溶解氧、pH值和氨氮的监测与控制方式,为进一步实验研究奠定基础。     

cDNA cloning and characterization of the warm-temperature-acclimation-associated protein Wap65 from carp, Cyprinus carpio

We determined full-length cDNA of carp warm-temperature-acclimation-associated 65-kDa protein (Wap65). It encoded 439 amino acid residues with a signal peptide of 22 residues and showed an amino acid sequence identity of 88% to that of goldfish reported before (J. Biol. Chem. 1995. 270: 17087–17092). The number of potential N-linked glycosylation sites of carp Wap65 was two in contrast to three for goldfish. In addition, molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE was apparently different from that of goldfish. These results suggest that the amount of oligosaccharide is different between the carp and goldfish protein. As in goldfish, carp Wap65 mRNA showed marked accumulation in hepatopancreas of the 30 °C- acclimated fish, which was 8-fold higher than that of the 10 °C-acclimated fish. Carp Wap65 showed 30% amino acid identity to mammalian hemopexins, which appeared to be considerably low in comparison with those among mammalian hemopexins (72 to 80%), or among carp Wap65 and rainbow trout hemopexin-like protein (70%). However, although mammalian hemopexins contain residues comprising the heme binding pocket, carp Wap65 lacked one of the two histidine residues to serve as heme axial ligands in hemopexins. Our data on carp protein substantiates the previous observation for goldfish and indicates that Wap65 might have some important functions in warm-temperature-acclimation of fish.