Soil properties and the macrofauna community in abandoned irrigated rice fields of northeastern Argentina

This study compared soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics between natural grassland and recently abandoned rice fields in order to identify those variables that might explain the observed increase of Camponotus punctulatus anthills in abandoned rice paddy fields from Northern Argentina. Mainly due to a reduction of macropores and mesopores, overall porosity decreased by around 6% and bulk density was about 7% greater, in the 0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm layers of the abandoned rice fields. Carbon and nitrogen content from organic matter increased (29% and 41% respectively for the 0- to 20-cm horizon) during cultivation but decreased (38% and 24%) 2 years after the last rice harvest. Forty percent of natural grassland-organic matter and 30% of abandoned rice-organic matter mineralized in less than 2 years. There was a different community structure between the abandoned rice fields and the undisturbed natural grassland and only a 20.6% (i.e. only 19 species from a total of 92) overlap in species composition. The abundance of macrofauna was greater in abandoned rice fields (2,208 individuals m^–2) in comparison to natural grasslands (288 ind m^–2) due to higher densities of small earthworms and Camponotus punctulatus ants; however, the Shannon index showed lower values in comparison to natural grasslands. Earthworms and C. punctulatus in the abandoned rice fields showed a change in their ¹³C signature indicating a switch in diet from natural grassland organic matter (C4) to organic matter from rice (C3). Our results indicate that the effects of rice cultivation practices did not seem to produce any physical or trophic limitations to recolonization by the macrofauna. It seems that changes in overall soil conditions have favored a change in the construction behavior of C. punctulatus which, in combination with population increases, could explain the explosion in number of anthills.     

轻小型移动式喷灌机组现状及其与国外的差距

节水灌溉是农业现代化的重要组成部分，发展节水灌溉、提高水的利用率是实现农业现代化的必由之路。通过对国内相关厂家的调研，初步分析了我国轻小型移动式喷灌机组的现状及其与国外先进水平之间存在的差距。在此基础上，提出了今后研究工作的具体目标。     

三个肉鸽品种生长曲线的分析与拟合研究

为了探究不同肉鸽品种的生长发育规律,采用Logistic、Gompertz、von Bertalanffy、MMF(Morgan-Mercer-Flodin)和Weibull 五种模型进行生长曲线拟合,对0-4周龄的欧鸽(欧洲肉鸽)、白卡奴鸽和白羽王鸽体重生长规律进行研究。结果表明：白卡奴鸽和白羽王鸽两个肉鸽品种除了在4周龄时存在显著差异外,其他各周龄间体重差异不显著,但都显著低于欧鸽,整体生长发育变化呈现一致趋势。欧鸽绝对生长量均显著高于白卡奴鸽和白羽王鸽,相对生长率曲线基本上处于重叠状态。曲线拟合结果显示：五种模型均能很好的模拟肉鸽生长曲线,其拟合度都达到 0.9 以上,欧鸽和白羽王鸽的最优拟合曲线为Weibull,R2=1.000,而白卡奴鸽的最优拟合曲线为MMF,R2=0.999。有固定拐点的生长模型有一定的限制,有灵活拐点的生长模型有更好的适用性,同时四参数生长模型要好于三参数生长模型,推荐使用四参数有灵活拐点的生长模型来拟合肉鸽生长曲线。拐点数据显示第一周属于乳鸽生长关键期,因此该时期要加强种鸽饲养管理。     

基于137Cs示踪的丹江口市农用地土壤侵蚀与有机质流失分析

运用137Cs示踪技术探讨了丹江口市小流域不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀,并分析了137Cs含量与有机质和重金属含量之间的关系。结果表明:农用地土壤侵蚀速率从大到小依次为沟谷旱地>坡耕地>菜田>水田>草地>灌丛,耕作土的侵蚀强度多为中度和强度侵蚀,非耕作土则是微度和轻度侵蚀;不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质和重金属分布影响很大,有机质含量分布规律为草地>灌丛>菜田>水田>沟谷旱地>坡耕地;Pb与Ni含量为灌丛>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>菜田>水田;Cr与Cu含量为灌丛>菜田>坡耕地>草地>沟谷旱地>水田;Zn含量为灌丛>菜田>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>水田。对137Cs含量与土壤有机质、重金属含量进行回归分析的相关系数均在0.7以上,说明在景观简单的小流域,可以利用137Cs含量和数学模型预测土壤有机质和重金属的含量变化。     

三江平原不同土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物可溶性有机碳含量和分布

研究了三江平原3种土地利用方式下沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布,探讨了3种土地利用方式对沟渠沉积物DOC含量和分布的影响。结果表明,三江平原沟渠系统虽然都是在湿地的基础上开挖而成,但是分散于3种土地利用方式下的沟渠沉积物DOC含量及其分布发生了明显变化。湿地开垦为农田利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积,水田和旱田相比,旱田更有利于沟渠各层沉积物DOC的累积;沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布随土地利用方式不同发生了明显的变化,穿过型沟渠和边界沟渠相比,边界沟渠沉积物DOC垂直分布显示出更强的沉积特点。挖沟排水和土地开垦耕作,不仅导致大量DOC向沟渠迁移并沉积在沟渠中,而且最终导致不同沟渠沉积物中DOC的含量和分布产生了明显的差异性。     

Transitioning from standard to minimum tillage: Trade-offs between soil organic matter stabilization, nitrous oxide emissions, and N availability in irrigated cropping systems

Few studies address nutrient cycling during the transition period (e.g., 1–4 years following conversion) from standard to some form of conservation tillage. This study compares the influence of minimum versus standard tillage on changes in soil nitrogen (N) stabilization, nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, short-term N cycling, and crop N use efficiency 1 year after tillage conversion in conventional (i.e., synthetic fertilizer-N only), low-input (i.e., alternating annual synthetic fertilizer- and cover crop-N), and organic (i.e., manure- and cover crop-N) irrigated, maize–tomato systems in California. To understand the mechanisms governing N cycling in these systems, we traced ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer/cover crop into the maize grain, whole soil, and three soil fractions: macroaggregates (>250 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm) and silt-and-clay (<53 μm). We found a cropping system effect on soil N_new (i.e., N derived from ¹⁵N-fertilizer or -¹⁵N-cover crop), with 173 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the conventional system compared to 71.6 and 69.2 kg N_new ha⁻¹ in the low-input and organic systems, respectively. In the conventional system, more N_new was found in the microaggregate and silt-and-clay fractions, whereas, the N_new of the organic and low-input systems resided mainly in the macroaggregates. Even though no effect of tillage was found on soil aggregation, the minimum tillage systems showed greater soil fraction-N_new than the standard tillage systems, suggesting greater potential for N stabilization under minimum tillage. Grain-N_new was also higher in the minimum versus standard tillage systems. Nevertheless, minimum tillage led to the greatest N₂O emissions (39.5 g N₂O–N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹) from the conventional cropping system, where N turnover was already the fastest among the cropping systems. In contrast, minimum tillage combined with the low-input system (which received the least N ha⁻¹) produced intermediate N₂O emissions, soil N stabilization, and crop N use efficiency. Although total soil N did not change after 1 year of conversion from standard to minimum tillage, our use of stable isotopes permitted the early detection of interactive effects between tillage regimes and cropping systems that determine the trade-offs among N stabilization, N₂O emissions, and N availability.     

柳杉人工林采伐后不同土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳变化

运用空间代替时间的方法研究了25年生柳杉人工林(对照)采伐后形成的柳杉人工幼龄林、经济林、苗圃地、皆伐迹地、农耕地5种土地利用类型初期土壤有机碳含量和碳储量变化。结果表明,5种土地利用类型和对照的土壤有机碳含量和碳储量均随土层的加深而降低;除经济林外,苗圃地、柳杉人工幼龄林、农耕地和皆伐迹地的土壤平均有机碳含量分别比对照降低了10.8%,28.1%,37.8%,40.1%;5种不同土地利用类型土壤碳储量排序为:皆伐迹地(214.2±17.0 t C/hm2)>经济林(191.3±13.4 t C/hm2)>柳杉人工幼龄林(173.5±15.1t C/hm2)>苗圃地(171.9±9.2 t C/hm2)>农耕地(132.7±12.1 t C/hm2),分别比对照(272.9±21.8 t C/hm2)减少了21.5%,29.9%,36.4%,37.0%,51.4%。人工林采伐后形成的不同土地利用类型,土壤有机碳含量和碳储量减小的程度与采伐后紧接着采取的人为措施有关。     

土壤有机质与水土流失的关系定量研究

土壤中有机质含量的多少是衡量土壤肥力高低的主要指标。水土流失对土地生产力的破坏,实质在于土壤肥力的下降或损失。为了探讨土壤有机质与水土流失的定量关系,在王家沟流域10～12°坡耕地上进行了4 a的定位试验。结果表明,每年1 hm²施入有机肥料30 000～75 000 kg,可以减少径流量4.8～12.4个百分点,减少土壤侵蚀量31.5%～35.4%。     

表层土壤中菲的紫外光降解研究

多环芳烃化合物（PAHs）由于致癌、致畸和致突变而受到广泛关注。本实验以多环芳烃菲（Phe）为目标污染物,研究了温度、腐植酸和紫外辐射强度对Phe光降解的影响并对不同因素对降解动力学的影响作了研究。结果表明,Phe的降解在20 ℃到30 ℃范围内,随着温度的升高,光降解率增加;腐植酸在Phe污染土壤的光降解中起敏化作用,可显著促进光解,腐植酸浓度为5 mg·kg^-1足以达到敏化的效果;Phe光降解速率常数随辐射强度的降低而降低,呈正相关,光解的半衰期随着辐射强度的降低而增加,呈负相关。     

增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响

为探明增氧对粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收及其底泥微环境的影响,本研究以粉绿狐尾藻为材料进行盆栽试验,以不增氧处理为对照(CK),分别设置O₁(4 min)、O₂(6 min)、O₃(8 min)、O₄(10 min)4个增氧水平,系统研究了粉绿狐尾藻不同生长时期氮素吸收及其底泥铵态氮、硝态氮含量等的变化规律,揭示了增氧调控底泥微环境、提高粉绿狐尾藻对水体氮污染物降解能力的机理。结果表明：无论增氧与否,粉绿狐尾藻根部和地上部氮素吸收量及植株氮素积累量均随生长时间延长呈逐渐增加趋势,且地上部氮素吸收量均高于根部;与CK相比,生长前期(t₁、t₂时期)增氧8 min、中后期(t₃、t₄、t₅时期)增氧6 min对应的粉绿狐尾藻氮素吸收与积累量均最大,其中增氧6 min对应t₅时期的粉绿狐尾藻植株氮积累量为171.08 mg·株^-1。增氧使粉绿狐尾藻生长前期底泥pH...