不同林龄段桤柏混交林生态系统的水源涵养功能

 2005年对川中丘陵区的10、152、0和25 a的桤（Alnus cremastogyne）柏（Cupressus funebris）混交林和30 a纯柏林的水源涵养功能及其变化趋势进行研究。结果表明:1)凋落物的蓄积量、饱和持水量与最大持水量均以20 a的最大,30a纯柏林的最低,凋落物的持水量与蓄积量、含水率有显著正相关关系;2)表层土壤密度在1020 a间显著下降,20 a的最低（1.20 g/cm³）,在2030a间显著增加;非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度在1020 a间显著增加,25和30 a时显著下降;毛管孔隙度在各林龄段间呈波动性变化;土壤最小持水量和毛管持水量在1015a间显著增加,2030 a间相对稳定,最大持水量在1020 a间显著增加,25和30a的显著降低;3)桤柏混交林的综合水源涵养功能,15a时达到最大值1446.06 t/hm²,30 a时显著下降到1331.60t/hm²,各林龄段桤柏混交林根系土壤层的水源涵养能力占98%以上。认为应对25 a后的桤柏混交林及纯柏林进行结构调整,以提高桤柏混交林的水源涵养功能。     

Mono- and duoculture of juvenile sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti) and gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L. in a recirculated water system

Although the growth of intensively reared sharpsnout seabream Diplodus puntazzo (DP) has been suggested to improve in duoculture with gilthead seabream Sparus aurata (SA), the stocking ratio for most effective duoculture rearing has not been investigated. For this purpose, juvenile D. puntazzo (1.68±0.011 g) and S. aurata (1.43±0.007 g) were reared in duplicated groups of 165 specimens each, in two monoculture (100% DP, 100% SA) and four duoculture combinations (80% DP–20% SA, 60% DP–40% SA, 40% DP–60% SA, 20% DP–80% SA) for 96 days under recirculated water system conditions. Both species exhibited the highest growth when stocked at 20% and the poorest growth when stocked at 80%. For each species, no major differences for coefficient of weight variation and carcass proximate composition were detected. As the percentage of stocked S. aurata increased, D. puntazzo aggressiveness and weight variability of whole population were reduced, while total biomass, food consumption and food conversion ratio were increased. The results obtained are discussed in relation to fish behaviour and social interactions. From the fish farming point of view, it is indicated that under the present experimental conditions, juvenile S. aurata should be reared in monoculture and D. puntazzo in duoculture 40% DP–60% SA.     

红桧及台湾扁柏引种初报

红桧和台湾扁柏都是原产台湾的珍贵用材树种。本文报道首次在我国大陆成功地繁殖和培育了此两树种数千株的1～3年生苗木。经过2.5a的生长,红桧和台湾扁柏实生苗平均高分别为51.37cm和29.85cm,最高单株分别为81.20cm和41.00cm。春季采取带刺形叶嫩枝扦插,成活率达100％,生长速度比实生苗快。在引种区(杭州地区)苗期管理的关键是:梅雨季及梅前期多雨天气注意排水,干旱夏季注意补充浇水和遮荫,整个生长季内注意防治病虫害,冬季和早春适当防寒。实生苗和扦插苗分别培育3a和2a,苗高达70～100cm,可出圃定植。     

松柏比德的历史演进

在以儒家为主导的中国文化中,有“比德”之传统,即将价值理念、人格理想等赋予具体的事物。松柏不畏严寒,品性贞刚,天然具备能暗示、象征主体品格内涵的特征,因此成为中国文学中常见的“比德”之象。松柏比德在长期的发展演进中,比德内涵日渐丰富,人格象征逐步完善。在人们的心目中,松柏代表着高洁的人格和坚贞的操守,成为民族理想人格的符号。     

喀斯特石漠化区不同处理方式下滇柏的生长状况——以贵州省陈家寨为例

通过对陈家寨石漠化区综合治理过程中对比、客土、施肥、保水剂、覆盖、保水剂+覆盖6种不同处理方式下柏树林样地的连续观测,对不同处理方式下柏树的生长状况的总体趋势进行了研究。以2年为周期,通过不同时段4次采样,对柏树的高度、基径2个指标的测量。研究结果表明,各种处理方式下柏树的生长状况都得到了明显的改善和提高,其生长程度为保水剂+覆盖保水剂客土覆盖施肥对比。由此可以看出,通过人为的干扰方式,能够有助于植被的生长,有效缓解石漠化的加剧,从而为该区在石漠化综合治理中提供可借鉴的依据。     

Effect of Ca on Al-induced activation of antioxidant enzymes in the needles of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa)

The effect of CA(NO₃)₂ on the active oxygen scavenging system in hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings cultured in a nutrient solution containing aluminum was examined. The hinoki cypress seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing 5 mM AlCl₃ together with various concentrations of Ca(NO₃)₂ in pots containing glass beads and Teflon tips. The growth in height and dry matter allocation to each organ was little influenced over a period of 12 weeks by either Al or the concentration of Ca(NO₃)₂. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the needles was stimulated by Al, and the effect of Al was lowered significantly by simultaneous application of 25 mM Ca(NO₃)₂. At week 1, the activity of catalase (CAT) in the needles was increased by Al, but the effect was no longer observed at week 12. The Al concentration in the roots was increased by treatment with Al, whereas the Al concentration in needles was not. These results indicate that rhizospheric Al stress stimulates antioxidative enzyme activities in hinoki cypress needles and the activation of the enzymes is suppressed by addition of Ca. The transmission of Al stress to the needles, which induced a change in the enzyme activity, is not caused by the transfer of the Al ion itself from roots to needles. This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation, the CREST program 1996–2001, and the Center for Forest Decline Studies.     

不同单养和混养海水实验围隔浮游生物的研究

1995年6～10月和1996年6～8月对中国对虾单养及其与台湾红非鲫、菲律宾蛤仔、海湾扇贝或缢蛏的不同混养实验围隔浮游生物的研究结果表明:养殖管理措施和放养种类对围隔浮游生物种类和生物量都会产生一定影响,其中前者往往具主要作用。投饵养殖时围隔浮游植物以20μm以下的种类为主,生物量较低,其中混养台湾红非鲫的围隔叶绿素a(Chl-a)相对较高,混养菲律宾蛤仔的围隔Chl-a较低;在投饵的基础上施肥后甲藻等鞭毛藻类易大量发生成为优势种,浮游植物生物量较单纯投饵时有所升高,但单养和混养对围隔Chl-a的影响不明显。非鲫捕食往往导致大型桡足类在浮游动物生物量中的比例下降,贝类则通过食物竞争同时使桡足类生物量降低和种类小型化,由于非鲫与海产贝类的食物灶存在一定分化,二者混养至少对贝类有利,因此鱼虾贝混养应较鱼虾混养或虾贝混养效果更好。     

Effects of Consecutively Monocultured Rehmannia glutinosa L. on Diversity of Fungal Community in Rhizospheric Soil

Continuous monoculture problems, or replanting diseases, are one of the key factors affecting productivity and quality of Chinese medicinal plants. The underlying mechanism is still being explored. Most of the studies on continuous monoculture of Rehmannia glutinosa L. are focused on plant nutritional physiology, root exudate, and its autotoxicity. However, the changes in the diversity of microflora in the rhizosphere mediated by the continuous monoculture pattern have been remained unknown. In this study, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique was used for fingerprinting fungal diversity in the rhizosphere soil sampled from the fields of R. glutinosa monocultured for 1 and 2 yr. The results showed that the structure of fungal community in consecutively moncultured rhizosphere soil was different from that in control soil (no cropping soil), and varied with the consecutive monoculture years (1 and 2 yr). The comprehensive evaluation index (D) of fungal community estimated by principal component analysis of fragment number, peak area, Shannon-Weiner index, and Margalef index was higher in 1 yr monoculture soil than that in 2 yr monoculture soil, suggesting that consecutive monoculture of R. glutinosa could be a causative agent to decrease the diversity of fungal community in the rhizosphere soil.     

川中丘陵区低效防护林分“开窗补阔”改造试验研究

为了改善现有低效防护林分,于2006年选择四川绵阳官司河流域的柏木纯林、松柏混交林和马尾松纯林3种典型低效林分,各设置3个25 m×40 m的样地,再将每个样地划分为6个10 m×10 m小样地,对其中5个小样地采伐相同株数的原有乔木,并在采伐窗内分别补植香樟、台湾桤木、栓皮栎、窄冠刺槐、葛藤,1个样地作为对照,开展“开窗补阔”改造试验研究。结果表明:1)柏木纯林、松柏混交林、马尾松纯林林下灌木和草本的平均盖度分别比对照高40.88%～55.13%、42.62%～52.53%、45.33%～54.73%和22.89%～54.56%、7.16%～33.78%、21.15%～57.82%。不同改造模式的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener指数均明显高于对照。其中,灌木物种丰富度比对照高26.67%～75.00%,Shannon-Wiener指数比对照高17.89%～38.06%;草本物种丰富度比对照高30.00%～100.00%,Shannon-Wiener指数比对照高12.52%～34.65%。2)土壤物理性质得到改善。柏木纯林、松柏混交林、马尾松纯林不同改造模式土壤容重分别比对照低14.31%～16.47%、10.92%～13.77%、7.00%～9.41%;土壤总孔隙度分别比对照高12.27%～16.93%、11.43%～15.53%、13.46%～18.09%。3)从不同森林类型不同补植树种效果来看,香樟、台湾桤木、栓皮栎和窄冠刺槐均可用于在柏木林中补植,但立地条件差的林分中以补植栓皮栎为宜。马尾松纯林中应补植香樟和栓皮栎,但补植香樟时应选择土层较厚,土壤含水量较高的林分,所有补植的苗木应以2年生大苗为宜。     

上海松柏古树生长与土壤肥力因子的关系

【目的】松柏古树是上海古树的重要组成部分。土壤肥力状况影响松柏古树的生长,研究不同生长点的土壤性质,并分析其对松柏古树生长的影响,为松柏古树的土壤管理提供理论依据。【方法】以上海地区不同生长点的松柏古树为试验对象,测定了土壤的理化性质 (土壤容重、通气孔隙度、pH值、EC值) 和养分 (有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾及钙、镁、铁、锌),对土壤肥力进行了评价,并进一步分析了土壤对松柏古树生长的影响。【结果】上海松柏古树的土壤pH值为中性偏碱性,可溶性盐分整体较适中,有机质、水解氮的供应水平较高,速效钾供应充足,有效磷供应水平偏低,土壤中的钙、镁、铁、锌含量较为丰富,不存在中毒现象。松柏古树的生长受根系的菌根侵染率影响,与根系的菌根侵染率呈显著正相关,侵染率越高,生长越好;松柏古树的生长与土壤的理化性质有关,与土壤通气孔隙度呈显著正相关、与容重呈显著负相关,通气孔隙度越大,容重越小,生长越好。【结论】目前上海松柏古树的土壤容重偏大,通气孔隙度小,存在通气不良现象。在实际保护松柏古树过程中,宜采取提高菌根侵染率、提高土壤孔隙度、提供充足的有机质和降低土壤容重等措施。