烟蒜轮作与套作对土壤微生物类群数量的影响

采取田间试验方式,以单作烤烟为对照,研究了不同年度和烤烟生育时期烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作对根际和非根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、解钾菌和解磷菌数量变化的影响。结果表明:随生育时期推进,烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作处理根际土壤细菌含量高于单作烤烟的趋势越来越明显。2014年,上部叶成熟期烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作根际土壤细菌数量是单作烤烟的1.41倍和1.24倍。中部叶成熟期和上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作处理根际土壤真菌数量最少,但2014年烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作处理下非根际土壤真菌数量高于单作烤烟处理。烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作处理根际土壤放线菌数量高于单作烤烟,上部叶成熟期分别是单作烤烟2.01倍和2.93倍(2013年)、1.12倍和1.28倍(2014年)。烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作处理根际土壤解钾菌和解磷菌含量在烤烟生长发育的中后期显著高于单作烤烟,且非根际土壤的解磷菌含量也呈现相同的趋势。不同年度,烟蒜轮作与烟蒜套作处理烟叶产量和上中等烟率均显著高于单作烤烟处理。烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作种植模式能改良土壤根际环境微生物结构,维持良好的土壤质量状态。     

Stem productivity in relation to nitrogen concentration and carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) in leaves of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) plantations in Shikoku district,Japan

The stem productivity of the hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher) in relation to plant nitrogen status and water-use efficiency was investigated in the Okuono (OKU) and Karakawa (KRK) areas in Shikoku district, Japan, where abundant precipitation occurs. The nitrogen concentration and carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) in the leaves were used as indexes of plant nitrogen status and water-use efficiency, respectively. The leaf nitrogen concentration increased with decreasing soil carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and with increasing soil pH. There was a marginally significant negative correlation between leaf δ¹³C and soil water content in the KRK area, but leaf δ¹³C in the OKU area did not correlate with the soil water condition, and increased on the upper slope. The results suggest that hinoki trees in the KRK area have higher water-use efficiency (high leaf δ¹³C) under lower soil water conditions. In the OKU area, meanwhile, leaf δ¹³C in the upper slope was higher due to adaptation to adverse conditions. When 12 plots in two areas were included, the mean height and stem increments increased with increasing leaf nitrogen concentration and with decreasing leaf δ¹³C. These findings suggest that nitrogen acquisition is a primary factor for stem productivity in the areas concerned but the productivity of some forests is restricted by the soil water condition or other conditions, as indicated by the high value of leaf δ¹³C. The measurement of nitrogen concentration and δ¹³C in leaves can provide us with valuable insights into the relative importance of nitrogen, water and other conditions on stem productivity in the two areas.     

不同改造措施对马尾松低效林土壤活性有机碳的影响

通过马尾松低效林改造试验,研究了不同改造措施(全砍重造(QKCZ)、封山育林(FSYL)和补植混交(BZHJ))对土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的影响.结果表明:马尾松低效林改造后土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(DOC)和易氧化碳(EOC)含量分别比未改造的马尾松低效林(对照,CK)增加了1.06～3.30 g·kg-1、16.81～142.29 mg·kg-1 (P ＜0.05)、12.83～43.71 mg· kg-1(P＜0.05)和0.16 g～0.54 g·kg-1(P＜0.05);不同改造措施马尾松林土壤活性有机碳占土壤有机碳的比例大小顺序,微生物量碳/有机碳(MBC/SOC)为FSYL＞ CK＞ QKCZ＞ BZHJ,易氧化碳/有机碳(EOC/SOC)为CK＞ BZHJ＞ FSYL＞ QKCZ,水溶性有机碳/有机碳(DOC/SOC)为BZHJ＞ CK＞ FSYL＞ QKCZ.说明3种马尾松低效林改造措施中QKCZ的土壤有机碳稳定性最好,更有利于土壤有机碳固存.     

干热河谷20年生2种人工恢复植被个体生长特性研究

以元谋干热河谷20年生赤桉纯林、新银合欢纯林以及赤桉×新银合欢混交林为研究对象,对其林木单株进行树干解析,研究不同造林模式下2个树种的生长特性。结果表明: 1）新银合欢的混植促进了赤桉的生长。2）赤桉、新银合欢树高平均生长量和连年生长量总体均呈下降趋势,胸径的平均生长量和连年生长量在5～10 年呈下降趋势,在10～15 年期间呈上升趋势（除混交林内赤桉）,之后又下降。3）根据Logistic生长曲线的变化率,可将赤桉、新银合欢5～10 年划分为生长初期,10～25 年为生长快速期,之后为生长稳定期;经模型预测:赤桉纯林在23 年时达到数量成熟,赤桉混交林在25 年时达到数量成熟,纯林以及混交林内新银合欢均在24 年时达到数量成熟。针对赤桉、新银合欢生长特点,提出在生长初期和生长快速期增加水肥供给并进行适当疏伐等措施以促进林木生长。      

Response of four woody ornamental species to superphosphate and controlled‐release fertilizers

Abstract

Shoot dry weights of Ilex vomitoria Ait. ‘Schellings Dwarf’, Pittosporum tobira Thunb., and Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Blue Vase’ fertilized with Sref 20N‐2P‐8K and Step (micronutrient formulation) or Osmocote 18N‐3P‐10K and Micromax (micronutrient formulation) were not different when grown in a 1 sedge peat: 1 cypress sawdust: 1 cypress shavings (v/v/v) medium with or without superphosphate. Photinia X fraseri Dress shoot and root dry weights decreased if supersphosphate was added to the growing medium and fertilized with Sref and Step, but were not different when fertilized with Osmocote and Micromax. Shoot tissue P levels of P. X fraseri and P. tobira increased with the addition of superphosphate regardless if Osmocote and Micromax or Sref and Step were used, but there was no corresponding increase in shoot dry weight. Water soluble P levels of the superphosphate amended medium with Sref and Step decreased about 70 ppm during the 6‐month experimental period.     

中国南方红壤丘陵区大豆－柑橘间作系统植物磷的吸收特征

A field microplot experiment was conducted in the red soil hilly region of South China to evaluate plant phosphorus (P)uptake under soybean and citrus monoculture and the soybean-citrus intercropping system using the ³²P tracer technique. P fertilizer was applied at three depths (15, 35, and 55 cm). The experimental results showed that the planting pattern and ³²P application depth significantly affected the characteristics of P uptake by soybean and citrus. Under the soybean-citrus intercropping system, considerable competition was observed when the ³²P fertilizer was applied to the topsoil (15 cm); therefore, the 32P recovery rate declined by 41.5% and 14.7% for soybean and citrus, and 32P supplying amount of topsoil to soybean and citrus decreased by 346.8 and 148.1 mg plot^-1, respectively, compared to those under the monoculture. However, ³²P recovery of soybean was promoted when ³²P fertilizer was applied to the deeper soil layers (35 and 55 cm)under soybean-citrus intercropping. Under the soybean monoculture, 32P fertilizer could hardly be used by soybean when ³²P fertilizer was applied at the 55 cm depth or below, with the recovery rate being less than 0.1%; it was up to 0.253% by soybean under intercropping. The higher P recovery of soybean under soybean-citrus intercropping when P was applied in the deeper soil layers was because part of the P nutrient that the citrus absorbed from the deeper soil layers could be released into the topsoil and then it could be used by the soybean.     

石榴-绿豆间作系统土壤呼吸及其影响因子研究

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要环节,在维持全球碳平衡中发挥着重要作用。于2010年6—10月,在黄河小浪底森林生态系统研究站,利用Li-8100红外动态土壤呼吸自动观测系统、温湿度自动观测系统测定了石榴-绿豆间作系统（间作系统）和绿豆单作系统（单作系统）土壤呼吸速率(soil respiration rate, SRR)及土壤温度和湿度。结果表明:1) 间作系统和单作系统的SRR日波动在晴天-多云呈单峰变化趋势,在阴天日波动变化幅度较小。间作系统的SRR高于单作系统。整个观测时期内间作系统和单作系统的平均SRR分别为2.996 μmol ·m^-2· s^-1和2.378 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。2) 间作系统和单作系统SRR与15 cm处土壤温度存在显著的指数相关关系,在该深处的Q₁₀值分别为2.462和1.793 3) 间作系统和单作系统与20 cm处的土壤体积含水量与SRR的相关关系均不明显。     

不同封育措施对绵阳市低山丘陵区柏木低效林物种多样性的影响

以梓潼、盐亭两县的柏木低效林为研究对象,对各种封育技术措施对柏木低效林植物多样性的影响进行了调查研究,研究结果表明：（1）在3年封育期中,各种封育措施对柏木低效林物种多样性变化均产生不同程度的影响。其中封禁型、封补型、封调型3种类型的物种多样性和丰富度指数呈逐年上升趋势;封禁型的均匀度逐年下降,封补型和封调型的均匀度呈上升趋势。封改型的物种多样性变化最剧烈,骤降骤升,原有的物种会消失,不利于生物多样性保护。（2）对于同一群落类型来说,不同的封育措施优劣程度是不一致的;柏木纯林封育措施优劣次序为：封补型〉封调型〉封禁型。柏桤混交林封育措施优劣次序为：封禁型〉封补型。而封改型不利于生物多样性保护,因此应选择地势乎坦、土壤肥沃的地点,其经营措施应当采取大穴整地,减少对灌、草层的破坏。     

River red gum and white cypress forests in south-western New South Wales, Australia: Ecological history and implications for conservation of grassy woodlands

On the western rivers and plains of southern New South Wales, relatively small areas of forests remain in a semi-natural condition and conservation reserves are lacking. Severe drought stress in recent decades after two centuries of European management has raised issues about how best to manage these forests and, if necessary, restore them. The region was explored between 1817 and 1836. Settlers, foresters and ecologists described changes as Aboriginal culture was displaced, domestic stock, feral animals and exotic plants were introduced, rabbits were controlled, rivers were regulated, and grazing was reduced. The Aboriginal ecosystems were different to the new red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and white cypress (Callitris columellaris) forests which lack resilience. Trees, saplings, fallen timber, shrubs and parasitic plants have accumulated in recently ‘undisturbed’ sites and these features are now promoted as benchmarks for conservation. However, human activity including watering, thinning, firewood collection, grazing and/or burning may aid restoration whereas non-intervention may allow continuing degradation. This historical ecology and recent palaeoecology provide insights to conserving grassy woodlands globally.     

低效乔木林改为竹木混交林试验初报

大面积的低效林严重阻碍林业可持续发展。为探索将低效乔木林改为竹木混交林的适宜条件和措施,通过在低效乔木林中栽植楠竹,研究了林地坡向、林分郁闭度、林地清理方式、竹苗类型以及造竹密度对楠竹生长的影响。结果表明：最适宜楠竹生长的低效林郁闭度为0.3,采取带状劈割后,栽植楠竹原丛苗,造竹密度500丛/hm²;营建的林分第4年郁闭成林,第6年进入收益期,第7年新竹平均胸径达6.9 cm,竹子覆盖度为60%,竹木混交林状态基本形成。林地坡向对楠竹生长无影响,阳坡和阴坡均适宜于楠竹生长。