Calibrating the self-thinning frontier

Calibration of the self-thinning frontier in even-aged monocultures is hampered by scarce data and by subjective decisions about the proximity of data to the frontier. We present a simple model that applies to observations of the full trajectory of stand mean diameter across a range of densities not necessarily close to the frontier. Development of the model is based on a consideration of the slope s = ln(N_t/N_t−1)/ln(D_t/D_t−1) of a log-transformed plot of stocking N_t and mean stem diameter D_t at time t. This avoids the need for subjective decisions about limiting density and allows the use of abundant data further from the self-thinning frontier. The model can be solved analytically and yields equations for the stocking and the stand basal area as an explicit function of stem diameter. It predicts that self-thinning may be regulated by the maximum basal area with a slope of −2. The significance of other predictor variables offers an effective test of competing self-thinning theories such Yoda's −3/2 power rule and Reineke's stand density index.     

不同种植制度对土壤质量的影响

[目的]探讨由大田作物转变为大棚蔬菜生产过程中土壤性状变化及其可能对环境产生的不利影响。[方法]于2007～2009年跟踪调查了上海崇明主要种植制度（露地轮作、温室轮作和温室单作）下农户施肥、灌溉及作物生长状况,并分析了土壤质量的变化。[结果]不同种植制度显著影响土壤质量。与露地轮作相比,温室栽培下过量有机肥和无机肥的投入显著提高了土壤中有机碳、矿质氮、有效磷和可交换钾的含量。温室单作和温室轮作分别导致土壤pH下降0.6和0.4,而露地土壤pH变化不大。同时,温室栽培土壤中EC值、NO3-和Cl-含量均显著高于露地轮作土壤,且随种植年限的增加有增加的趋势,而露地土壤盐分变化不明显。[结论]农户缺乏科学的田间管理指导、一味追求短时期内的高产、过量的施肥灌溉及高复种指数是导致温室土壤严重盐渍化的主要原因。     

Responses of antioxidant enzymes in the needles of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings to nutrient solutions containing various calcium/aluminum ratios

An attempt was made to examine the possible connection between the various ratios of calcium/aluminum (Ca/Al) in the nutrient solution of plant cultures and the active oxygen scavenging system of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings. The hinoki cypress seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing 5 mM AlCl₃ together with various concentrations of Ca(NO₃)₂ in pots containing glass beads and Teflon tips. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the needles were estimated at several stages during the 7-day treatment. The samples treated with the lower Ca/Al solutions show the highest SOD activities. The activities of APX and GR, both of them involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, showed the same tendency with decrease to higher Ca/Al ratio. These results indicate that rhizospheric Ca might compete with Al and ameliorate Al toxicity on and in the roots, the Al stress is not transformed to the needles after a few days, and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the hinoki cypress needles might fluctuate and be suppressed by the rhizospheric Al stress during the 7 days. This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan Science & Technology Corporation, the CREST program 1996–2001, and the Center for Forest Decline Studies.     

Carbon return and dynamics of litterfall in natural forest and monoculture plantation of Castanopsis kawakamii in subtropical China

The amount of carbon returned through litterfall and its seasonal pattern were studied in a natural forest of Castanopsis kawakamii (NF) and adjacent monoculture plantations of C. kawakamii (CK) and Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) (CF) in Sanming, Fujian Province, China. Mean annual carbon return through total litterfall over 3 years (from 1999 to 2001) was 5.097 t·hm⁻² in the NF, 4.337 t·hm⁻² in the CK and 2.502 t·hm⁻² in the CF respectively. Of the total carbon return in the three forests, leaf contribution accounted for 58.96%, 68.53% and 56.12% and twig 24.41%, 22.34% and 26.18%, respectively. The seasonal patterns of carbon return from total litterfall and leaf-litter were quite similar among the three forests. A peak of carbon input from litterfall in the NF and the CK occurred in spring except for the highest annual C return through branch litter of the NF in summer, while the CF showed the maximum C return in summer. The results of this study demonstrate that the natural forest has a greater C return through litterfall than monoculture plantations, which is beneficial to the increase of soil organic matter storage and the maintenance of soil fertility. [Supported by the Teaching and Research Award Program of MOE P.R.C. (TRAPOYT) and the Key Basic Research Project of Fujian Province (2000F004)]     

国内魔芋栽培模式研究进展

通过简述魔芋生长环境需求特性,总结魔芋庭院栽培、净作栽培、大田间套作栽培、林下栽培、轮作栽培及保护地栽培等栽培模式研究进展,分析各种栽培模式的优缺点。提出了今后应从广泛开展魔芋种质资源收集、鉴定、评价与利用,构建魔芋间套作、轮作栽培新模式,提高魔芋种植全程机械化、自动化水平,扩大魔芋种植范围,创建有机栽培模式等方面改进和丰富魔芋栽培模式。     

小麦施氮后效和种植方式对大豆产量及农艺性状的影响

通过2013-2014年度田间试验,在种植小麦时设置不施氮、低氮、中氮、高氮4个氮肥施用量(0,60,120,180 kg/hm²),同时设置净作大豆(小麦-大豆)和套作大豆(小麦/玉米/大豆)两种种植模式,探究了前作小麦施氮后效及净作、套作两种种植方式对大豆产量和农艺性状的影响。结果表明,1)无论净作或套作,大豆均能利用前作小麦的施氮后效,生物量和籽粒产量均随施氮量增加呈先升高再降低的变化趋势,均在N₁₂₀处理(纯氮120 kg/hm²)时达到最大值,其中套作大豆籽粒产量最高为4133 kg/hm²,达高产水平。2)分枝期时大豆地上部生物量为净作显著高于套作,平均高 62.3%,而收获期时为套作显著高于净作,平均高 57.9%。与净作相比,套作大豆单株粒数、籽粒产量分别高63.9%和55.9%,百粒重二者间相差不大。净作大豆的籽粒重在主茎、分枝上分别占54.2%和45.8%,以在主茎上较多,而套作大豆的籽粒主要分布在分枝上,平均达68.9%。虽然套作大豆的倒伏率比净作大豆高5.2%,但空杆率、瘪荚率却分别低78.0%和25.4%。前作施氮量增加,套作大豆籽粒在分枝上的比例增大。3)大豆主茎长,在分枝期时为套作(平均39.5 cm)比净作(平均33.3 cm)显著高6.2 cm,而收获期时为净作(平均84.8 cm)比套作(平均74.4 cm)高10.4 cm;第一节间长,在分枝期、收获期均为套作(8.3和6.6 cm)大于净作(5.6和4.6 cm);分枝数,在分枝期时为净作(平均1.9个)显著高于套作(平均0.7个)1.2个分枝,而收获期时是套作(平均6.1个)高于净作(平均3.5个)2.6个分枝。同时套作大豆分枝数随前作施氮量增加而增加。说明在小麦-大豆和小麦/玉米/大豆体系中大豆能充分利用前作小麦的施氮后效;套作大豆前期虽受玉米的抑制影响,但玉米收获后能加快生长,可以通过合理的前作氮肥调控促进分枝、结荚和鼓粒,提高产量。     

杏麦间作系统生态效应及小麦生理特性研究初报

[目的]在杏麦间作复合群体中,探讨杏麦间作系统的生态效应及小麦生理特性.[方法]以杏树为基点至2行杏树中间位置由近及远分为3个区:冠下区、近冠区和远冠区,对杏麦间作复合群体内风速、土壤地温、土壤水分含量、小麦植株养分及叶绿素含量等生理生态指标变化特点进行研究.[结果]距离杏树越近,小麦生长空间的土壤水分含量越低;杏麦间作田的风速、植株养分均小于小麦单作田.在14:00之前,5cm土壤地温表现为杏麦间作田大于小麦单作田;在14:00以后,5 cm土壤地温表现为小麦单作田大于杏麦间作田.小麦孕穗期是杏麦争水矛盾突出时期,灌水需及时、量多.间作田不同冠区比较,远冠区小麦叶绿素含量比较大.间作田与单作田相比,间作田小麦存在与杏树争肥矛盾,小麦植株吸收的养分少,小麦植株养分含量也少.[结论]杏麦间作条件下,距离杏树越近,土壤水分含量、小麦叶绿素含量、小麦植株养分含量均越低.单作田小麦生理特性优于间作田.     

间伐补植对马尾松低效林生长及林分碳密度的短期影响

以马尾松低效林为研究对象,根据其林分特征等因素采用20%间伐强度及补植措施,通过对2013—2017年连续4年的样地调查与样品测定获取数据,分析间伐补植措施对其林木生长以及林分碳密度的短期影响。结果表明：间伐补植措施实施4年后,林木平均胸径、平均单株材积的生长均得到显著提高（P<0.05）,且分别比对照样地提高了77.78%、109.68%。间伐补植后乔木层碳密度的增量呈显著减慢趋势（P<0.05）;林下植被层、凋落物层碳密度分别表现为极显著减少（P<0.01）和显著增加（P<0.05）;土壤层碳密度的增量则为对照样地大于作业样地,且差异显著（P<0.05）。林分总碳密度4年增长量显著低于对照样地（P<0.05）,且作业样地的增量比对照样地减少4.91 t/hm²。本研究可为低效林的质量提升提供参考。     

Results of Long-term Experiments with Growing Flue-cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Monoculture and Different Types of Crop Rotations

In broadly conceived long-term experiments, tobacco was grown in monoculture and with different crop rotations. This paper presents results in terms of the yields achieved and the major yield components for the crops grown, and the proportion of particular tobacco quality classes obtained. In addition to tobacco monoculture (initially only fertilized and later also unfertilized) as the key crop, different types of crop rotations included, besides tobacco, the following crops: winter wheat, maize, soybean, oil-seed rape, and red clover. Experiments involved two 2-year and two 4-year crop rotations, and a 3-year, a 5-year, and a 6-year crop rotation. Experiments were set up on luvic semigley on multilayered Pleistocene sands. Average 10-year results suggest that there is an advantage of crop rotation over monoculture for tobacco leaf yields. The influence of different crop rotation types on yields of other crops was variable, tending towards higher values as the number of crops in rotation was increased. Values obtained for yield components should be considered from two angles: some of the values were primarily influenced by genetic factors, while others were influenced by ecological factors, including crop rotation as an overall biological buffer. With regard to quality classes (IB-III), the growing of flue-cured tobacco in crop rotation represents a great advancement relative to its growth in monoculture, even in a narrower crop rotation.